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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



UnIKORML ExANlINATriON 

QUESTIONS 

FOR 

TEACHERS' LICENSES. 



State of New York. 



PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 



Hon. ANDREW S. DRAPER, State Superintendent, ^\ ^ 

John H. French, Henry R. Sanford, Samuel H. Albro, 

Charles T. Barnes, and Isaac H. Stout, 

Institute Instructors. 



ROCHESTER, N. Y. : 
Educational Gazette Co. 



O 





^% 



^ 



RREKACE. 



These questions were prepared by the Institute Faculty of the State of 
New York, under the direction and supervision of the State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction. They were designed for the examination of 
persons desiring licenses to teach in the public schools of the State of 
New York. 

These examinations have been adopted in every commissioner district 
in the state and beneficial results are everywhere apparent. 

A careful study of this volume will assist candidates in passing future 
examinations. It will also aid in passing any examinations in these sub- 
jects, whether in this or any other state. If rightly used, it will promote 
good education and correct methods of teaching. 

Rochester, N. Y., September, 1888. 



Copyright, 1888, 

BY 

Alvin F*. Chapin. 



QUESTIONS 



FROM THE- 



DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 

FOR 

UNIFORM STATE EXAMINATIONS FOR 
TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 



HELD SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 3, 1887. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. Divide 9| X %° by f + f . Subtract 2^ from the sum of 8^, 3|-, 7i 8 j\. 15 

2. Extend the items and make the footing in the foliowing bill : 

ALBANY, N. Y., September 1, 1887. 
Mr. ARTHUR FLOYD, in account with R. J. ALLEN & CO. 

6432 lbs. stove coal, @ |6.25 per ton I 

6432 ft. inch boards, @ $19.25 per M 

8.33 cords wood, @ $5.55 per cord 15 



3. Divide 2 gals. '2 qts. 1 pt. into 2,000 equal parts. 

4. Find the legal interest of $4,352.50 for 1 year, 3 months and 13 days. 10 

5. A man having $2,025 in the bank drew out $1,560. What per cent, did he draw out ? 10 

6. A pile of 4-foot wood 24 rods long contains 100 cords. What is its height? • 20 

7. A man sells pens at ^ cent apiece above cost and makes 20 per cent. What do the 

pens cost him apiece ? At what price per dozen does he sell them ? 10 



4 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

GRAMMAR. 

Note. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all appli- 
cants as a test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation. 

1-2. Dictation. (Art. IV, sec. 2, Constitution of U. S.) 

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens 

in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State witli treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee 

from justice, and be found in another State, sliall, on demand of the executive au- 
thority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State 
having jurisdiction of the crime. 30 

3. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, the first sentence. 10 

4. Name and give examples of the different parts of speech used in extract. 10 

5. Write an interrogative sentence ; declarative; imperative; exclamatory. 10 

6. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, the second sentence. 10 

7. Distinguish between Language Lessons and Teclinical Grammar. State the position 

of each in a common school course. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Define, by outline or otherwise, tlie boundaries of your own county, showing its posi- 

tion in the State. 5 

2. Name three canals in the United States, and mention the waters connected by each. 10 

3. Give route by water from Boston to St. Louis ; from St. Augustine to Naples. 10 
4 Give the geographical position of France ; its form of government ; its climate and 

leading productions ; three important cities ; two rivers. 20 

5. State what you know of the geographical distribution of coal and iron in the United 

States. 15 

6. What is meant by Standard Eastern Time ? 20 

7. Name the river basin of North America. 20 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Describe the sliape and position of the lieart. 15 

2. Wliat are muscles? 10 

3. How are the bones classified ? Of what is bone composed? 10 

4. Name the digestive organs. 10 

5. How may the teacher promote the health of pupils? 15 

6. Give a general description of tlie brain. 20 

7. Mention the principal organs contained in each of the two great cavities of the trunk. 20 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 5 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

1. What is the organization known as the " Knights of Labor ?" 20 

2. Name five living American authors, and three statesmen. 20 

3. Outline briefly your plan for the first day in school. 20 

4. How may the teacher cultivate a taste for good reading ? 20 

5. What is meant by Civil Service Reform ? 20 

AMEBICAN HISTORY AND CIVII. GOVERNMENT. 

1. Name three discoverers in the employ of the Spanish, English and French, respective- 

ly, giving a discovery of each. 2o 

2. What were the leading events in the French and Indian war ? 15 

3. What causes led to the Revolutionary war? 15 

4. Comment upon the relative position of the United States to-day among the great 

powers of the world. 15 

5. Name the legislative branches in the National and State Governments. 1 

6. Name the members of the president's cabinet and the title of each. 15 

7. What is tariff? 10 



Outline a typical lesson for one of your grades in : 

1. Heading; 25 

2. Arithmetic; 25 

3. Spelling ; - 25 

4. Geography. 25 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1 . State three ways in which a teacher may be licensed. 20 

2. Mention the legal holidays in this State. 20 

3. Is a teacher authorized to hold religious exercises during school hours ? 20 

4. Has the teacher authority to expel a pupil? To suspend ? 20 

5. What legal remedy has a teacher against any person who creates a willful disturbance 

during school hours? 20 

ALGEBRA. 

1. Give and explain briefly the principal signs used in Algebra. 20 

2. Required in its simplest form, the quotient : 

4a (a^ — x^) a® — ax 

3b (c2— x^) "^ bc+bi 20 

3. Expand (a— b)'. . 20 

4. What fraction is that, such that if the numerator and denominator be each increased 

by 1, the value is 1-2 ; but if each be diminished by 1, the value is 1-3? 20 

5. What two numbers are those, whose sum is 41, and the sum of whose squares is 901 ? 20 



6 UNIFORM EXAMISATION QUESTIONS 

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR SEPTEMBER 3, 1887. 

Note. — It will be seen tliat the answers printed below are, in many cases, merely sugges- 
tive. Examiners will not be confined to the precise form or substance except where exact 
answers are required. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. 186-23. 24 53-180. 

2. $ 20.10. 

123.82. 
46.23. 

$190.15 

3. .0105 pt. 

4. $335.87. 

5. 77 1-27 per cent. 

6. 8. 8-99 feet. 

7. 5-8 cent apiece ; 9 cents per dozen. 

GRAMMAR. 
1-2. Answers unnecessary. 

3. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

4. the article, or adjective; several adjective; 

state noun; flee verb; 

who pronoun ; and conjunction ; 

in preposition; up adverb, as used here. 

having participle, or verb. 

5. Have you read the book ? 
The boy runs. 

Put down that hat. 
Alas ! How sad it is. 

6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

7. Skill in the use of oral and written language is the aim of Language Lessons, which should 

be given when the pupil Srst enters school. Ability to analyze, parse and criticise, is 
the aim of lessons in Technical Grammar, which comes properly within the last two 
years of the common school course. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Answer according to locality. 

2. Erie Canal. Lake Erie and Hudson River. 
Delaware and Hudson. Delaware and Hudson Rivers. 
Wabash and Erie. Lake Erie and Ohio River, 

3. From Boston on Boston harbor, Massachusetts bay, Atlantic Ocean, Florida strait. Gulf of 

Mexico, and Mississippi river to St. Louis. 
From St. Augustine on tiie Atlantic ocean, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean sea, and Bay 
of Naples to Naples. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 7 

4. Western part of Europe ; republic ; climate varied ; productions, silk, wine, semi-tropical 

fruits and cereals ; Paris, Marseilles and Lyons ; Seine and Rhone. 

5. The principal coal fields of the United States are those of the Appalachian region, Illinois, 

and Western Indiana, and Missouri and Southern Iowa. The principal iron fields are 
in the Appalachian region, and in Missouri. 

6. The time adopted by those railroad companies whose roads are in that belt contiguous to 

the 75th meridian, seven and one half degrees approximately on each side. It is five 
hours slower than Greenwich time. 

7. The arctic slope, the Hudson Bay Basin, the St. Lawrence basin, the Atlantic slope, the 

Mississippi basin, the Great Basin, and the Pacific slope. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. The heart is the organ which propels the blood, and is situated to the left of the center of 

the chest. It is a hollow, muscular organ, shaped like a strawberry, and suspended with 
the point downward. 

2. The muscles are the instruments of motion. They are composed of fine fibres or strings, 

held together by connective tissue, and bound up in smooth, silky casings of thin 
membrane. 

3. First, the bones of the head ; second the bones of the trunk ; third, the bones of the upper 

extremities; fourth, the bones of the lower extremities. The bones are composed of 
animal matter, which gives toughness and elasticity, and of mineral matter, which gives 
hardness and stiffness. 

4. First, the mouth and salivary glands ; second, the stomach ; third, the pancreas ; fourth, the 

liver ; fifth, the intestines. 

5. By insisting upon the proper care and arrangement of the school premises. By imparting 

a knowledge of hygienic laws and directing obedience thereto. 

6. The brain, the principal organ of intelligence, is situated in the head, and is surrounded 

and protected by the bones of the skull. It is divided into two parts — the cerebrum or 
great brain, and the cerebellum or little brain, separated by membrane. The substance 
of the brain is composed of white and gray matter. The outer surface is furrowed. It 
is believed that the cerebrum is the chief organ of the mind. 

7. The smaller cavity, the chest, contains the lungs and heart. The abdomen, the largest 

cavity of the body, contains the stomach, liver and kidneys. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

1. A society, secret in its nature and composed of wage-workers, to protect the interests of 

labor. 

2. Bancroft, Holmes, Warner, Clemens, Aldrich. Conkling, Thurman, Blaine. 

3. Be early at school. Have all preparations completed before the hour for commencing. 

Take names of pupils as soon as they reach school, and learn what you can relative to 
their studies. Call to order in time. Introduce yourself with a few pleasant remarks. 
Make opening exercises short. Complete enrollment. Assign lessons. Begin with the 
order of study and recitation that you think it will be desirable to continue. 

4. By reading the best authors. 

5. The appointment of persons to civil ofl[ices on the sole ground of qualifications therefor. 



8 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Columbus — Touched first at one of the Bahama Islands. 

" To Castile and Leon 
Columbus gave a new world." 
Jacques Cartier — River and Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

John Cabot — Labrador. Cabot discovered the western continent almost 14 months before 
Columbus sighted the mainland. (Bancroft.) 

2. Braddock's defeat; expulsion of the Acadians ; capture of Louisburg; battle of Lake 

George ; attack on Ticonderoga ; evacuation of Ticonderoga and Crown Point ; capture 
of Quebec. 

3. (1.) American training in self-government. 

(2.) The attempted exercise of unconstitutional authority by Great Britain, (a) Writs of 
assistance. (/>) The stamp act. (c) Quartering of troops in towns, (d) The tea tax. 
(e) The withdrawal of the right of self-government. 

(3.) The punishment inflicted by England upon the colonies for their remonstrance. 

4. The United States is the leading republic of the world. Natural resources, geographical 

position, and character of population under a representative government place her in the 
foremost rank among the great powei"s of the world. 

5. National — Senate and House of Eepresentatives. 
State — Senate and Assembly, 

6. Bayard, Secretary of State. 
Fairchild, Secretary of the Treasury. 
Endicott, Secretary of War. 
Whitney, Secretary of the Navy. 
Vilas, Postmaster-General. 
Garland, Attorney-General. 
Lamar, Secretary of the Interior. 

7. A list or table of duties or customs imposed by government, to be paid on goods imported 

or exported. 

METHODS. 

1-4. Answers unnecessary. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1. By State Superintendent of Public Instruction ; by sciiool commissioners, or other officers 

with similar functions ; by obtaining a diploma from a state normal school. 

2. January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4, first Monday in September, December 25, any 

general election day in this State, every Saturday afternoon, and Thanksgiving Day. 

3. A teacher has no authority to insist u{X)n religious exercises of any kind. 

4. No. Yes; tiie teacher may susfjend for the day, or long enough for consultation with 

trustees. 

5. He may enter complaint against such oflender before any justice of the peace of the county, 

or the mayor or any alderman, recorder or other magistrate of the city, wherein the 
ofl'ense was committed. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 



1. The principal signs used in Algebra are tlie following: =, +, — , x , -r-, ( ), <, |/. Each 
sign represents certain words, and is used to express the various operations in the clear- 
est and briefest manner. 
2 4 (a+x) 
3 (c— x) 

3. a''-7a«b+21a5b3— 35a4b3+35a3b*— 21a3b5+7ab«— b'. 

4. 3-7. 

5. 15 and 26. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, OCTOBER i, 1887. 

ARITHMETIC. 

Note.— All written work should be shown in full. 

1. Add 3 ^ (f divided by ■^■^), XCVIII, and four and seven hundred-thousandths. 10 

2. Find the least common multiple and greatest common divisor of 52, 78 and 143. 15 

3. What will 1 f acres of land cost at i cent per square foot ? 10 

4. From a barrel of wine, 18 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. were drawn. What per cent, of the whole 

remained in the barrel? 15 

5. What will 1893 lbs. hay cost at $12.38 per ton. 10 

6. A man sold sixteen horses at $200 each ; on one-half he gained 10 per cent, and on 

the other half he lost 10 per cent. Find net gain or loss. 20 

7. Write a negotiable, interest-bearing promissory note, omitting signature. 20 

GRAMMAR. 

Note. — The commissioners will retain the following extract and dictate to all appli- 
cants as a test in orthography, penmanship, capitalization and punctuation. 

1-2. Dictation ( Webster's " Character of Washington." ) "It was the extraordinary for- 
tune of Washington, that having been intrusted in revolutionary times with the 
supreme military command, and having fulfilled that trust with equal renown for 
wisdom and valor, he should be placed at the head of the first government in which 
an attempt was to be made, on a large scale, to rear the fabric of social order on the 
basis of a written constitution, and of a pure representative principle." 20 

3. Name and give examples of the different parts of speech used in the above extract. 10 

4. Mark for pronunciation the following : Impolitic, deficit, simultaneous, coral, ener- 

vate, urgent, century, machine, sarcasm and oxygen. 10 

5. Write an application for a position as teacher, stating qualifications and experience, 

and mentioning references. Use proper form of heading, superscription and closing. 

Be careful to paragraph, capitalize and punctuate properly. 20 

6. What preliminary instruction should be given before grammar as a science is taught ? 20 

7. Analyze by diagram or otherwise, the above extract. 20 



10 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What State is noted for the production of (a) rice ; (6) gold ; (c) silver ; (d) sugar ; (e) 

coal ; (/) oranges ; (g) tobacco ; (A) marble ; (i) zinc ; (j) tar ; {k) cotton ; {I) cop- 
per ; (m) wine ; («) petroleum, and (o) salt. 15 

2. "WHiat counties in New York border on the great lakes ? 10 

3. Bound this State. 10 

4. Mention six modifications of climate. 10 

5. Name and locate five of the leading cities of Great Britain, mentioning a leading in- 

dustry of each. 15 

6. What determines the width of the zones ? 20 

7. Name the "five great powers" of Europe, and the form of government in each. 20 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HY'GIENE. 

1. Describe three kinds of joints and mention one of each kind. 10 

2. What is the object of respiration ? Mention the principal organs of the respiratory 

system. 10 

3. Name the bones of the skull. 10 

4. In case of a wound, how may we determine whether the blood is flowing from a vein 

or an artery ? If from the former, where should the bandage be applied ? 15 

5. What are stimulants ? What are narcotics ? Give an example of each. 15 

6. Mention five hindrances to digestion. 25 

7. Locate and describe the stomach. 15 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

1. Name (a) two American inventors; 

(6) two American lexicographers ; 

(c) two American naturalists ; 

(d) two American novelists ; 

(e) two American iiistorians ; 
(/) two American poets ; 

{g} two American journalists ; 

(A) two American painters ; 

(t) two American sculptors ; 

(_;') two American orators. 30 

2. Classify the faculties of the mind. 20 

3. Mention six objects of the recitation. 20 

4. Who are the j)resent United States Senators from this State? Who is your representa- 

tive in Congress? 10 

5. Locate the normal schools in this State. 20 



FOE TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 11 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What do the following dates suggest : 1497, 1534, 1541, 1565, 1607, 1609, 1620, 1623, 

1651, and 1765 ? 20 

2. How did we acquire Louisiana ? When ? From whom ? 10 

3. What was the principle of the " Monroe Doctrine ? " 10 

4. Mention a prominent battle of (a) the French and Indian war ; (6) the Revolutionary 

war; (c) the war of 1812; (d) the Mexican war, and (e) the war of the Rebellion. 10 

5. With what jury would a bill of indictment originate, and what jury would try the 

criminal ? 10 

6. How are United States Senators elected ? Mention a State officer elected in the same 

manner. 20 

7. Mention six distinct purposes for which the Constitution of the United States was 

adopted. 20 



Outline a typical lesson for one of your grades in : 

1. Language ; 25 

2. Physiology and Hygiene ; 25 

3. American History ; 25 

4. Reading. 25 

SCHOOL, LAW. 

1. May a district change from one to three trustees ? 20 

2. What authority has a teacher to inflict corporal punishment ? 20 

3. What does the law require of a teacher before he can make a legal contract to teach a 

common school ? 20 

4. In whom is the authority vested to regulate the attendance of pupils, the course of 

study, and the selection of text-books ? 20 

5. How frequently does the law provide that the compensation of teachers shall become 

due and payable ? 20 

ALGEBRA. 

1. Define coefficient, polynomial, and exponent. 20 

2. Expand (a— 5)^ 20 

3. Factor a^m— 9 a ms. 20 

4. Divide $183 between two men, so that | of what the first receives will be equal to y% 

of what the second receives. 20 

5. A person loaned $100,000, a part of it at 5 per cent, and the balance at 4 per cent ; 

his annual interest on the whole was $4,640. Required the two parts of the prin- 
cipal. ■ 20 



12 



UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 



ANSWERS FOR EXAMINATION, OCTOBER i, 1887. 



It pronoun ; 

and conjunction ; 

first adjective ; 

having been intrusted particle or verb. 



ARITHMETIC. 

1. 109.12507. 

2. 1716 L. C. M.; 13 G. C. D. 

3. 373.37 1. 

4. 40 5-63 per cent. 

5. $11.71+ 

6. 32.32 loss. 

7. Answer unnecessary. 

GRAMMAR. 

1-2. Answers unnecessary. 

3. the article or adjective ; 

was verb; 

fortune noun ; 

of preposition ; 

4. See any standard dictionary. 

5. Answer unnecessary. 

6. Language-lessons and actual composition work constitute the best means of acquiring a 

ready and correct use of language, which, in its turn, becomes a sound ba.sis for the study 
of technical grammar. " As grammar was made after language," says Spencer, "so it 
ought to be taught after language." 

7. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. (a) S. C; (6) Cal.; (c) Nev.; (d) La.; (e) Penn.; (/) Fla.; (g) Ky.; (h) Vt.; (i) N. J.; { / ) N. 

C; (k) Miss.; (O Mich.; (m) Cal.; (n) Penn.; (0) N. Y. 

2. Chautauqua, Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, Cayuga, Oswego and Jeflerson. 

3. Lake Erie, Niagara R., L. Ontario, St. Lawrence R., Dominion of Canada, L. Champlain, 

Poultney R., Vt., Mass., Conn., L. I. Sound, Atlantic O., Lower Bay, Raritan Bay, 
Staten I Sound, Newark Bay, Kill von KuU, N. Y. Bay, Hudson R., N. J., Delaware 
R., and Penn. 

4. 1. Latitude ; 

2. Altitude ; 

3. Proximity to any great body of water ; 

4. Ocean currents; 

5. Prevailing winds ; 

6. Slope of surface. ' 

5. London, S. E. part of England, on the Thames R.; manufactures clothing. 
Liverpool, western part of England on the Mersey R.; commercial pursuits. 
Glasgow, south-central part of Scotland on the Clyde R.; manufactures iron steamships. 
Birmingham, central part of England ; manufactures hardware. 

Manchester, north-central part of England ; manufactures cotton goods. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 13 

6. The inclination of the earth's axis. 

7. Gt. Britain and Ireland ; kingdom ; limited monarchy. 
Germany ; empire ; limited monarchy. 

France ; republic. 

Eussia ; empire ; despotism. 

Austro-Hungary ; empire ; limited monarchy. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Immovable, — sutures of the skull, skull and upper jaw, etc. 
Slightly movable, vertebral column. 

Freely movable, — hip, carpus, etc. 

2. To furnish oxygen to the blood, and remove cai-bonic acid. 
Lungs, larynx, trachea, bronchia, and air vesicles. 

3. One Frontal, one Occipital, two Temporal, one Sphenoid, two Parietal, and one Ethmoid. 

4. By its color, and by manner of its flow : venous blood is dark, and flows in a steady stream ; 
arterial blood is light and flows in jets. 

Below the wound. 

5. Stimulants are substances which excite. Narcotics stupefy. 
Alcohol taken in small quantity is a stimulant ; opium is a narcotic. 

6. 1. Eating too fast ; 

2. Strong excitement ; 

3. Great fatigue ; 

4. Mental effort ; 

5. Too much liquid with food. 

7. It is a pear-shaped 'sac, lying obliquely across the body, immediately below the dia- 

phraghm. That of an adult averages, when moderately full, twelve inches in length, 
(transversely), and four inches in breadth (vertically). 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

1. (a) Eobt. Fulton and Samuel F. B. Morse ; 
(6) Jos. E. Worcester and JSToah Webster; 

(c) Jno. Jas. Audubon and Louis J. E. Agassiz ; 

(d) Washington Irving and J. Fenimore Cooper ; 

(e) George Bancroft and Jno. Lothrop Motley ; 
(/) John G. Whittier and Henry W. Longfellow; 
ig) Jas. Gordon Bennett, Sr., and Horace Greeley ; 
(h) Benjamin West and Gilbert Chas. Stewart ; 

(i) Hiram Powers and Harriet Goodhue Hosmer ; 
(j) Daniel Webster and Henry Ward Beecher. 
Others of good standing should be accepted. 

2. The perceptive faculties, the retentive faculties, and the reflective faculties. 



14 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTION^; 

3. 1. Instruction imparted by the teacher ; 

2. Mental training by the pupil ; 

3. To induce study ; 

4. To test preparation ; 

5. To correct errors or mistakes ; 

6. To form habits of attention, readiness and self-possession. 

4. 1. William M. Evarts, Frank Hiscock. 2. Answer according to locality. 

5. Albany, Bufialo, Brockport, Cbrtland, Fredonia, Geneseo, New Paltz, Oneonta, Oswego and 

Potsdam. 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. 1497, Cabot's discovery of the American continent; 
1534, Cartier's discovery of the St. Lawrence river; 
lo41, De Soto's discovery of the Mississippi river; 

1565, Settlement of St. Augustine by the Spaniards under Melendez ; 

1607, Settlement of Jamestown by the English ; 

1609, Hendrik Hudson explored the river that now bears his name ; 

1620, Landing of Pilgrims or Puritans at Plymouth, Mass.; 

1623, Actual settlement of New York by the Dutch; 

1651, Navigation Act passed. (Enforced in 1660.) 

1765, Stamp Act passed. 

2. Purchased from France in 1803. 

3. " The A merican continents are hencefortli not to be considered subjects for future coloniza- 

tion by any European power." 

4. (a) Quebec; (6) Saratoga; (c) New Orleans; (d) Buena Vista; (e) Gettysburg. 

5. Grand jury ; petit jury. 

6. By joint ballot of the Legislature. Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

7. 1. To form a more perfect union ; 

2. To establish justice ; 

3. To insure domestic tranquility ; 

4. To provide for the common defence ; 

5. To promote the general welfare ; 

6. And to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity. 



1-4. Answers unnecessary. 

SCHOOL LAVS^. 

1. Yes. 

2. The same authority that a parent has. 

3. It requires him to have an unexpired license. 

4. In trustees and boards of education. 

5. As often as at the end of each calendar month of the term of employment. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 15 



1. A co-efBcient is a number or letter prefixed to a quantity, to denote how many times the 

quantity is taken. A polynomial is an algebraic quantity consisting of more than one 
term. An exponent is a number written above and to the right of a quantity, to show 
how many times the quantity is taken as factor. 

2. a^— 5a4b+10a»b2— 10a^b3+5ab*— b^. 

3. am (a^— 3m) (a-+3m). 

4. 1. $63 ; 2. $120. 

5. $64,000 and $36,000. 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER 5, 1887. 

ARITHMETIC. 

Note — All written work should be shown in full. 

1. Write (a) three millions, sixty thousand, seven ; (6) a number composed of 5 units 

of the sixth order, 4 units of the fifth order, 1 unit of the fourth order, and 9 units of 
the second order ; (c) six thousand twenty-four hundred-thousandths. 12 

2. (a) Divide f of f of 7i by 3f ; (6) subtract 8 jV from the sum of 5^ 2^, 4yV 12 

3. Find the interest of $94.75 from Aug. 14, 1886, to Oct. 1, 1887, at 6 per cent per 

annum. 12 

4. Keduce (a) 39 sq. rods, 17 sq. yd., 119 sq. in. to sq. in.; (6) 3 pk., 5 qt. 1 pt. to the 

fraction of a bushel. 12 

5. If lead pencils that cost 3 cts. each are sold for 5 cts. each, what is the per cent of 

profit. 12 

6. The difference in time between New York and Chicago is 54 min. (a) What is the 

difference in longitude? (6)When the local time in New York is 12h. 25 m., A. M. 
what is the local time in Chicago ? 20 

7. Extract the square root of 317.815, correct to three decimal places. 20 



GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name (a) the natural divisions of land ; (6) the natural divisions of water. 12 

2. Name and describe three of the principal rivers of the State of New York. 12 

3. Name and locate (a) the chief commercial city of the U. S. ; (6) of Great Britain ; (c) 

of Brazil ; (d) of Holland. 12 

4. What form of government has (a) the United States? (6) Great Britain ? (c) Russia? 12 

5. What is (a) the source of a river? (6) its right bank? (c) a delta? 12 

6. Name and locate the principal mountain range of (a) North America ; (6) Europe ; 

(c) Africa; (d)South America. 20 

7. Bound by parallels the temperate zones of the earth. 20 



16 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

METHODS. 

1. Ill cold weather, what means would you use to ventilate a school-room unprovided 

with ventilating apparatus ? 25 

2. Outline a programme of recitations for use in an ungradeii school, or in your depart- 

ment of a graded school. 25 

3. How do you teach penmanship? 25 

4. Give methods of controlling a school without recourse to punishment. 25 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1. What vacancies in office may the trustees of a school district fill by appointment? 20 

2. What authority has a teacher over pujjils on the way to and from school. 20 
3.. Upon what basis is the public school fund apportioned (a) to the counties of the State? 

(6) to the several school districts of a county ? 20 

4. What relatives is a trustee prohibited from hiring as teachers ? 20 

5. What power has the trustee of a school district to purchase globes, maps, and other 

school apparatus for the use of the school without a vote of the district ? 20 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIEXE. 

1. Name the organs of circulation in order, beginning with the heart. 12 

2. Mention three causes of decay of the teeth. 12 

3. Explain how the blood circulates through the bones. 12 

4. Describe the etlect of alcohol on the lining of the stomach. 12 

5. How many bones in the forearm ? Name them. 12 

6. Give three examples of reflex action. 20 

7. Explain how an extensive burn may cause congestion of the lungs. 20 

GENEKAL QUESTIONS. 

1. Name five of the leading newspapers of the United States. 20 

2. Name the towns of your county, and also the county seat. 20 

3. What centennial was celebrated in Phihidelphia the week of September 11, 1887 20 

4. What is the [)rincipal subject of dispute at the present time between the United States 

and Canada? 20 

5. What is understood by " Authors' Day Exercises " in school work ? 20 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. (a) Who discovered the Mississippi river? (6) the Hudson river ? 15 

2. Name the tribes of the Six Nations in their order of location from east to west. 15 

3. Mention five of the princii)al events of the civil war. 10 

4. Name tiie highest court and also the lowest courts of the State of New York. 10 

5. How many persons comprize a trial jury in a court of record? 10 

6. Explain what is meant by impeachment in the clause of the constitution, "shall have 

the sole power of impeachment." 20 

7. What is meant by the veto power? 20 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 17 



1. By what signs are the terms of an algebraic expression of quantity separated? 20 

2. Reduce to its lowest terms. 20 

a* + x3 

3. Expand (y — i)«. 20 

4. Divide a » + Ga^x^ + x* by a^ + 2ax + x^. 20 

5. The product of two numbers is 45, and the difference of their squares is 56. Required 

the numbers. 20 

GRAMMAR. 

Note — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to a!l applicants as a 
test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation. 

1-2. Dictation (Art. XIV, sec. 1, Constitution of United States; 24 

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the juris- 
diction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they re- 
side. 

2. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or 
immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any per- 
son of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person 
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

3. Analyze by diagram or otherwise the first sentence. 12 

4. Name (a) all the adjectives in the dictation exercises ; (b) all the adverbs. 12 

5. (a) Decline the pronoun he ; (6) write the possessive forms of she, George, boys ; (c) 

how is a declarative sentence made interrogative ? 12 

6. Analyze by diagram or otherwise the second sentence. 20 

7. Name and parse all the relative pronouns used in the dictation exercise. 20 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR NOVEMBER, 1887. 



ARITHMETIC. 



1. (a) 3,060,007. (6) 541,090. (c) .06024. 

2. (a) Iff. (6)3||t. 

3. $5.36. 

4. (a) 1,551,107 sq. in. (6) f| bu. 

5. 66f per cent. 

6. (a) 13° 30^ (b) 11 h. 31 min., p. m. 

7. 17.827+. 



18 UNIFORM EXAMISATION QUESTIOSS 

GRAMMAR. 

1-2. Answei-s unnecessary. 

3. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

4. (ft) All, the, the, tlie, the, no, any, tiie, tiie, any, any, due, any, the, equal, the. 
(6 Thereof, wlierein. 

5. (a) Sing. Plural. 
Nominative, he. they. 
Possessive, his. their or theirs. 
Objective, him. them. 

(6) Her; George's; boys'. 

(c) By placing the verb or its first auxilliary before the subject. 

6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

7. Which — relative pronoun ; agrees with its antecedent, law, in person, number, and gender; 

nominative case, subject of the verb shall abridge. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. (a) Continent, Island, isthmus, peninsula, cape, promontory, mountain. 

(b) Ocean, sea, gulf or bay, straight, channel, lake, river. " 

2. The Hudson river rises in the northeastern part of New York, and flows southerly into New 

York bay. The Mohawk river rises in the northern-central part of New York, and flows 
easterly into the Hudson. The Genesee river rises in the southwestern part of New 
York, and flows northerly into Lake Ontario. 

Z. (a) New York, on New York bay, in the southeastern part of the State of New York. 
(6) London, in the southeastern part of England, on the Thames river. 

(c) Rio Janeiro, in the southeastern part of Brazil on the Atlantic ocean. 

(d) Amsterdam, in the western part of Holland, on the Zuyder Zee. 

4. (a) Federal Republic, (b) Limited (or Constitutional) Monarchy, (c) Despotism, or Ab- 
solute Monarchy. 

-5. (a) The place where it rises or begins, (b) The bank on the right when going down the 
stream, (c) Land formed in and about the mouth of a river by deposits of earth washed 
down by the current. 

B. (a) The Rocky Mountains, extending northwest and southeast in the western part, [b) The 
Alps, extending east and west in the southern-central part, (c) The Mountains of the 
Moon, extending north and south in the eastern part, {d) The Andes, extending north 
and south in the western part. 

7. The North Temi)erate Zone is bounded on the north by the parellel of 66° 30' north lati- 
tude, and on the south by the parellel 23° 30' north latitude. The south temperate Zone 
is bounded on the north by the parellel 23° 30' south latitude, and on the south by the 
parallel 66° 30' south lotitude. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 19 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. The heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins. 

2. Want of cleaning ; breaking the enamel by biting hard substances ; and cracking the 

enamel by taking into the mouth substances either very hot or very cold. 

3. The blood flows from the arteries of the periosteum into the Haversian canals of the bone, 

and, if the bone is hollow, through into the blood-vessels of the marrow, then out again 
into the veins of the periosteum. 

4. Alcohol first distends the blood-vessels, then hardens the membranes, and by continual use 

finally ulcerates them. 

5. Two. The ulna and the radius. 

6. The act of walking without mental effort ; playing upon musical instruments, especially 

those that require the use of the fingers ; the expert use of tools by skilled mechanics, etc. 

7. By closing the perspiratory glands, and thus overworking the lungs in the effort to dis- 

charge through them the impurities of the body that naturally escapes through the skin. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

1-2. No answers required. 

3. The centennial of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. 

4. The fisheries question. 

5. The practice in many schools of observing the birthday of any noted author, by reading 

and reciting from his writings. 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. (a) Fernando De Soto. 
(6)Hendrick (or Henry) Hudson. 

2. Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and Tuscaroras. 

3. The capture of Fort Sumter; the battle of Bull Run; the battle of Gettysburg; the draft 

riots in New York city; and the Emancipation Proclamation, etc. 

4. The Court of Appeals is the highest court, and Justices' Courts are the lowest. 

5. Twelve. 

6. An impeachment is a formal presentatien of charges against an official for misconduct in 

office, made by the lower branch of a legislative body. 

7. The power of a chief executive officer to negative a law passed by a legislative body. 

METHODS. 

1-4. No answers required to be given here. 

SCHOOL LAV7. 

1. District Clerk; District Librarian ; and District Collector. 

2. None. 

3. (a) The number of schools taught by duly licensed teachers for the prescribed term of 

twenty-eight weeks, and upon the population as shown by the last census. 



20 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

(6) The number of teachers employed for at least twenty-eight weeks in the preceding 
school year, the number of children of school age residing in the district on the 30th day 
of June, preceding, and the average attendance of resident pupils at the district school 
during the preceding school year. 

4. Relatives within tlie second degree, either by blood or by marriage, viz. : father, mother 

grandfather, grandmother, son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter, brother, or sister. 

5. He has power to expend for such purpose sums not to exceed fifteen dollars in any one school 

year. 

ALGEBRA. 

1. By the signs + 'i"<^ — • 

2_ a^+2ax+x'' ^^ (a+x)^ 



a^ — ax-f-x* a* — ax + x* 

3 y«_2v^+.5y*-!2Zl4-5y!_?7+J__ 
^ ' ^ 2 27 27 27 729. 

4. a- — 2ax-|-x^. 

5. ± 9 and ± 5 , or ± \/ —25 and ± V —81. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, DECEMBER 3, 1887. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. To what different classes of numbers does the number 924 belong? 12 

2. What is the only even prime number? 12 

3. Express by figures (a) four hundred and twenty-eight ten-thousandths; {b) nine 

hundred-thousandths. 12 

4. How much will it cost to carpet a room 18 ft. square, with carpet 3-4 of a yard wide 

at $1.15 per yard? 12 

5. A rectangular field is 86 1-2 rods long and 46.875 rods wide. How much wheat will it 

produce at the rate of 20 bushels per acre? 12 

6. What sum of money will amount to $1,253.86, in 2 yr. 11 mo. 13 da., interest at 5 per 

cent? 20 

7. How is the rate per cent, per annum ascertained when the principal, interest, and time 

are given ? 20 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name the Great Lakes and the outlet of each. 15 

2. Which one of the United States extends farthest east? which farthest west? 10 

3. Name the principal river (a) of Alabama ; (6) of Virginia ; (c) of Pennsylvania; (d) 

of California ; (e) of Indiana. 10 

4. What is the principal vegetable product («) of Minnesota? (6) of Virginia? (c) of 

Louisiana? (c/) of Mississippi? (e) of Illinois? 15 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 21 

5. Which grand division has (a) the highest mountains ? (6) the largest river ? (c) the 

largest lakes? 10 

6. What are isothermal lines ? 20 

7. Upon what does the fertility of a large part of Egypt depend ? 20 

METHODS. 

1. Give a plan for preventing tardiness at school. 25 

2. Outline your method of teaching number in primary work. 25 

3. Do you use the sentence method, the word method, or the alphabet method, in teach- 

ing reading, and what are its advantages over the other two? 25 

4. Should false syntax be taught as a part of technical grammar? Why ? 25 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1. (a) What notice to voters is necessary in calling a special school meeting ? (6) What 

matters can be legally acted upon at such meeting ? 20 

2. (a) How may a school district change from three trustees to one ? (6) From one 

trustee to three ? 20 

3. Has a trustee, or a board of trustees, the power to allow the use of the schooihouse for 

religious meetings against the wish of the district ? 20 

4. How many days must elapse between the voting of a tax by a district meeting and the 

deliverv of the tax-list and warrant to the collector ? 20 

5. Can a teacher make up lost lime by teaching on a holiday ? 20 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Give the classification of the teeth and the number in each class for an adult. 12 

2. Are rubber overshoes a healthful covering for the feet if constantly worn ? Why ? 12 

3. Describe the effect of alcohol upon the digestive organs and the digestive fluids. 12 

4. Distinguish between carbonaceous foods and nitrogenous foods. Give examples of each. 12 

5. Describe and locate the tricuspid and the bicuspid valves. 12 

6. Explain why persons after long or severe sickness are extremely sensitive to a jar. 20 

7. Describe the need of ventilation and some of the causes by which the air in a room is 

polluted. 20 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

1. Name three State Educational Associations of. the State of New York. 20 

2. What international sailing contest took place in September, 1887 ? What nations 

were represented? What vessels participated ? How many trials ? Which won ? 20 

3. Name ten good books for a teacher's library, and give reasons for the selection. 20 

4. Name the State officers elected in this State in 1887, giving the office to which each was 

elected and the date upon which his term of office begins. 20 

5. Mention the leading manufactures of this country, and locate the principal manufac- 

turing establishments. 20 



22 UNIFORM EXAMIXATION QUESTIONS 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Name some of tlie important inventions that have been made by Americans. 10 

2. Name the two cliief commanders of the American forces during the Mexican war. 10 

3. What were the prime causes of the war of 1812? Who was President during that 

war ? 20 

4. Who discovered Florida, and wliy was the country so named ? 15 

5. What is meant by "a Congress of the United States?" 15 

6. How are Judges of the United States Supreme Court chosen? Wiiat is the length of 

their term of office? 15 

7. When does the House of Representatives elect a President? How does it vote? 15 



1. Eeduce to a mixed radical quantity i/i28x^ 4z*. ^^ 

2. Express in the form of a radical quantity the product of \/x multiplied by 4 \/x. 20 

3. Find the value of the unknown quantity in the equation x^ -\- 2x — 44 -|- 

Vx«+~2x— 44=42. 20 

4. Given x^ -f" 7^ ^= l^^j ^""^ x -]- y = 9, to find the values of x and y. 20 

5. Kesolve x" — y^ into four factors. 20 

GRAMMAR. 

Note. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants 
as a test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation. 

1. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction is continued, and the term of 

said office shall be three years, commencing hereafter on the seventh day of April. 
Such Superintendent shall be elected by joint ballot of the senate and assembly, on 
the second Wednesday of February next preceding the expiration of the term of the 
then incumbent of said office, and on the second Wednesday of February next after 
the occurrence of any vacancy in the office. (Sec. I, Title I, chap. 555, Laws of 
1804, as amended by sec. 1, chap. 591, Laws of 1886.) 15 

2. Write the plural of (a) child; (b) armful; (c) brother-in-law; {d) axis; (e) memo- 

randum. 10 

3. What is the difference in meaning of the following expressions: 

The girls' books; or the girl's books ? 10 

4. Which parts of speech are compared? which declined? which conjugated ? 10 

5. Write three short sentences each containing a verb in the potential mood one of which 

shall denote power, another permission, and another necessity. 15 

6. Analyze by diagram or otherwise : (a) I do not know what he wants. (6) Going 

home before the regular hour of dismif^sal should not be a frequent occurrence. 20 

7. Write sentences in which the word "that" shall be used (a) as an adjective ; (6) as a 

relative pronoun ; (c) as a conjunction ; (d) as a noun. 20 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 23 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR DECEMBER, 1887. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Even ; composite ; abstract ; integral. 

2. Two. 

3. (a) 400.0028 ; (6) .0009. 

4. $55.20. Iff. 

5. 506 107-128 bu. 

6. $1,092.56. 

7. Divide the given interest by the interest on the given principal, for the given time, at one 

per cent, per annum. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. No answer required. 

2. (a) Children ; (6) armfuls? (c) brothers-in-law ; {d) axes ; (e) memoranda. 

3. " The girls' books " means books belonging to two or more girls. " The girl's books " 

means books belonging to one girl only. 

4. Adjectives and adverbs are compared • nouns and pronouns are declined ; verbs are conju- 

gated. 

5. Use can to denote power ; may to denote permission ; and must to denote necessity. 

6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

7. (a) Do you see that man ? (b) The word that I gave will complete the sentence, (c) I 

know that he is here, (d) This that is poorly written. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Lake Superior — outlet, St. Mary's river; 
Lake Michigan — outlet. Straits of Mackinaw ; 
Lake Huron — outlet, St. Clair river ; 

Lake Erie — outlet, Niagara river ; 

Lake Ontario — outlet, St. Lawrence river. 

2. Maine extends farthest east; Oregon, farthest west. 

3. (a) Alabama river; (6) James river; (c) Susquehanna river (d) Sacramento river; (e) 

Wabash river. 

4. (a) Wheat ; (b) tobacco ; (c) sugar cane ; (d) cotton ; (e) corn. 

5. (a) Asia ; (6) South America ; (c) North America. 

6. Imaginary lines upon the earth's surface representing the localities having the same 

average temperature. 

7. Upon the annual overflow of the Nile. 



24 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

PHYSIOLOGV AND HYGIENE. 

1. Incisors — eight in number ; canines — four in number ; bicuspids — eiglit ; and molars — 

twelve. 

2. No. They prevent perspiration by causing tiie moisture to accumulate instead of allowing 

it to escape as nature designs. 

3. The continued use of alcohol dilates the blood vessels, hardens the membranes, and weakens 

the absorbents ; it also absorbs and retains the moisture from the digestive juices, coagu- 
lates and precipitates the pepsin, and changes the condition and power of the bile. 

4. Carbonaceous foods contains much carbon, and produce animal or vital heat in a large 

degree ; they are less valuable a.s producers of tissue and muscle. Examples — fat meat, 
sugar, etc. Nitrt)genous foods mainly produce or form tissues and muscles. Examples 
— Cheese, lean meat, whites of eggs, etc. 

5. The tricuspid valve consists of three folds of membrane in the opening from the right aur- 

icle into the right ventricle, and the bicuspid valve of two folds of membrane in the 
opening from the left auricle into the left ventricle. These valves are so arranged that 
the blood may pass freely into the ventricles, but they close the opening if the blood sets 
back toward the auricles. 

6. Tiie fats, tissues and cartilages that form the packing for the joints have been largely 

absorbed, and sickness has prevented their replacement by assimilation of food ; hence a 
jar causes a concussion to the bones, not observed in health. 

7. Fresh air is needed to [)urify the blood as it passes through the lungs, and to carry off the 

exhalations from the body. 
Air in a room is polluted by breathing, by perspiration, by lights or fires, and, in general, 
by any cause that exhausts the oxygen, and generates carbonic acid gas. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

1. The New York State Teachers' Association ; The New York State Association of School 

Commissioners and City Superintendents ; The University Convocation of the State of 
New York, etc. 

2. The contest for the America's cup ; the British and the American ; the Scotch yacht 

Thistle, and the American yacht Volunteer ; two ; the Volunteer. 

3. No answer required. 

4. See newspapers. Jan'y 1, 1888. 

5. Answer according to locality. 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. No answer required. 

2. Gen. Winfield Scott and Gen. Zachariah Taylor. 

3. The impressment of American seamen by the British; the right to search American ves- 

sels, claimed by the British government and denied by the American; and the severe 
restrictions placed upon American commerce, by the British government. James 
Madison. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 25 

4. Ponce de Leon. From its beautiful foliage and blossoming trees, (Florida meaning 

flowery.) 

5. The members of the House of Eepresentatives are chosen every even year for the term of 

two years, and each such term is called " a Congress." 

6. They are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. During life or good 

behavior. 

7. When no candidate has received a majority of the electoral vote of the United States. It 

votes by States, each state being entitled to one vote. 



No answers required. 

SCHOOL LAWS. 

1. (a) A notice specifying when and for what purpose the meeting is called, to be given to 

each voter personally, or to be left at his place of residence if he cannot be found, at 
least five days before the time designated for the meeting; (6) only those fully set forth 
in the notice. 

2. (a) By resolution adopted by a majority vote at an annual school meeting ; (6) by a resolu- 

tion adopted by a two-third vote at an annual school meeting. 

3. A sole trustee has that power, and a board of trustees has that power if no one of its mem- 

bers dissents. 

4. Thirty days. 

5. He can if he have the consent of the trustees thereto ; otherwise he cannot. 

ALGEBRA. 
3 

1. 4xy V2yz. 

6 

2. 4Vx». 

3. x=8. 

4. x=5 or 4 ; y=4 or 5. 

5. (x + y) (x — y) (x^ — xy-f y2) (x^ + xy + y^1. 



26 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATIONS, JANUARY 7, 1888. 
Second and Third Grades. 

A. M. 

Note. — The marks for absohitely correct answers are noted on the right hand of questions 
— a lesser number of credits ma\' be allowed according to nature of answers given. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. The product of three factors is 20|, and two of them are respectively If and 4f. 

Required, the third factor. 10 

2. If I sell goods for $511.29, and thereby gain 9} per cent, of their cost, how much is 

my gain ? 10 

3. Upon what general principle of division is cancellation founded ? 10 

4. What is the cube root of a number ? 10 

5. Divide 48 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. by 9. 10 

6. What per cent, of 78| is 236 J ? 10 

7. Divide $800 among A, B, and C, so that A shall receive $75 more than B, and B shall 

receive $68 more than C. 10 

8. A policy of insurance cost $28, at a rate of I per cent. Find the face of the policy. 10 

9. A box 6 ft. by 85 ft. by 2 ft. 8 in. will hold how many bushels of wheat ? 10 
10. Reduce .04675 mi. to yds. 10 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. (o) What large gulf on the western coast of Africa ? (6) What large river flows into 

it? 10 

2. (a) Which pole is now in darkness? (6) When did it pass into darkness ? 10 

3. To what European government does Greenland belong? Cuba? The Bermudas ? 10 

4. What rivers unite to form the Ohio ? the Missouri ? 10 

5. Which of the grand divisions are peninsulas? Which is composed of islands? 10 

6. What are greac circles of a sphere? Small circles ? 10 

7. Name the islands known as the Greater Antilles. 10 

8. Name five important cities on the line of the New York Central R. R. 10 

9. Locate the principal salt works of New York. 10 
10. Define— viater-shed ; isthmus; foot-hills; canon; peninsula. 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is the term of office in the State of New York of (a) the Governor? (6) State 

Senators? (c) Members of Assembly ? (d) State Treasurer ? (e) Superintendent 

of Public Instruction? 20 

2. (a) Explain the difference between an election by a majority and an election by a 

plurality. (6) Which is required for election of a School Commissioner? 20 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 27 

3. If a State has seven electoral votes, how many members of the House of Representa- 

tives has it ? 20 

4. What is the title of the chief executive officer of (a) the United States ? (6) a State? 

(e) a county ? (d) a town in this state ? (e) a city? (/) a village? {g) a school dis- 
trict? 20 

5. What officials are elected by the legislature of this State on joint ballot ? 20 

DRAWING. 

1. What is geometric drawing ? 10 

2. Define perspective. 10 

3. Draw an outline of a cube. ^ 20 

4. Draw a triangle ; a circle ; a parallelogram ; an ellipse ; an oval. 30 

5. Show the application of compound curves in drawing the outline of a pitcher ; of a 

vase. 30 

P. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

Write a letter to a trustee of a school district, applying for a position as teacher, and giv- 
ing age, experience, educational qualifications and references as to character and 
ability. 75 

(See directions for remaining 25 per cent, of credits. Punctuation and Capitalization.) 

GBAMMAR. 

1. Name the classes and the modifications of verbs. 10 

2. Change the expression, " One of his friends told him of the arrangement," to the pas- 

sive form. 10 

3. Compare (a) happy ; (6) near ; (c) worse ; [d) straight ; (e) beautiful. 10 

4. Write the feminine of (a) nephew ; (h) hero ; (c) baron ; [d) benefactor ; (e) Paul. 10 

5. Which should be first taught, construction or analysis ? Why? 10 

6. Write (a) five nouns that have no plural ; (6) five that have no singular. 10 

7. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: (a) blow ; (6) break ; (c) freeze; {d) 

cast ; (e) pay. . 10 

8. Define a complex sentence. 10 

9. Write sentences containing (a) an infinitive phrase; (6) a verb in the potential mood, 

past tense ; (c) a relative clause ; (d) a substantive clause ; (e) a noun used as an at- 
tribute. 10 
10. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, — (a) We preferred to remain at home. (6) To 
venture in was to die. (c) Green is the sod and cold the clay, {d) He looked 
mild and gentle. 10 



28 UNIFORM EX.UflNA TION Q UESTIONS 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Mention four common causes of colds. , 20 

2. What artery carries dark blood, and wliat vein bright red blood ? 20 

3. Wiiat causes vital heat ? 20 

4. What is meant by the expression, the right and the left heart? 20 

5. What is the difference between the material of tiie bones of a child and those of an 

adult. 20 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. By what people was New York settled ? When? Where? 20 

2. Name the presidents of the United States who have died during their term of office, 

and the successor of each. 20 

3. WTiat accessions of territory have the United States secured ? From whom obtained ? 

How ? 20 

4. Where was Fort DuQuesne located? Fort Ticonderoga? Fort Necessity? Fort 

Erie? 20 

5. What incidents are recalled by the names,— (a) Cherry Valley ? (6) York town ? (c) 

Saratoga? (d) Shiloh? (e) Appomattox? 20 

READING. 
To be supplied by the Commissioner. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Give a short account of Bismarck. 20 

2. Wiiat event of great political importance to France transpired during the past month ? 20 

3. What important legislative body convened on the 5th of December, 1887 ? 20 

4. What were the fates of the seven anarchists who were convicted of complicity in the 

bomb-throwing at Chicago in 1886? 20 

•5. Name three educational journals of this State, and state where each is published. 20 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR JANUARY 7, 1888. 

ARITHMETIC. 
1 91 1 9 

2. $53.29. 

3. Dividing botii dividend and divisor by the same number does not affect the value of the 

quotient. 

4. One of the three equal factors that will produce the number. 

5. 5 bu. 1 pk. 6 qt. 

6. 300 per cent. 

7. A receives $339.33^ ; B, $264.33 J ; C, $196.33 J. 

8. $3,200. 

9. 45^ bu. 
10. 82.28 yd. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 29 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. (a) Gulf of Guinea. (6) The Niger. 

2. (a) The north pole. (6) Sept. 22, 1887. 

3. Greenland belongs to Denmark, Cuba to Spain, and the Bermudas to Great Britain. 

4. The Allegheny and the Monongahela ; the Jefferson, the Madison and the Gallatin. 

5. South America and Africa ; Oceanica. 

6. A great circle of a sphere divides the surface of the sphere into two equal parts — Ex. The 

equator and the meridian circles. A small circle of a sphere divides the surface into 
two unequal parts — Ex. The parallel circles. 

7. Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. 

8. Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo 

9. Near Syracuse, and near Warsaw, Wyoming Co. 

10. A water-shed is the ridge or elevation between two bodies of water. An isthmus is a 
narrow piece of land connecting two larger bodies. Foot-hills are the elevations that 
are found on approaching mountains. A canon is a deep, rocky gorge in the mountains. 
A peninsula is a portion of land largely surrounded by water. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. (a) Three years. (6) Two years, (c) One year, (d) Two years, (e) Three years. 

2. (a) A majority is more than one-half of all the votes cast, while a plurality is more votes 

than any other candidate receives. (6) A plurality only. 

3. Five. 

4. (a) President. (6) Governor, (c) Sheriff, {d) Supervisor, (e) Mayor. (J) President of 

the village, {g) Trustee. 

5. United States Senators, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Regents of the Uni- 

versity. 

DRAWING. 

1. Geometric drawing is the representation, upon a plane surface, of geometric forms, with 

respect to their corresponding dimensions. 

2. Perspective is the appearance that any object presents to the eye, with respect to form, 

lights, and shadows. 

3. 4, 5. No answers required. 

COMPOSITION. 

No answers required. 

SPELLING AND CAPITALIZATION. 

No answers required. 

PENMANSHIP. 

See paper on Geography. 



30 UmFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Classification: — Finite and infinite — Subject relation. Transitive and intransitive — 

object relation. Regular and irregular — forms of past tense. Modifications : — Voice, 
mood, tense, {lerson, number. 

2. He was told of the arrangement by one of his friends. 

3. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

(a) happy happier happiest 

(b) near nearer nearest 

(c) bad worse worst 

(d) straight (cannot logically be compared.) 

(e) beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 

4. (a) Niece; (6) heroine; (c) baroness; (d) benefactress; (e) Pauline. 

5. Construction. Construction is composition ; analysis is essentially criticism. 

6. Examples — (a) Business; gold; peace; sleep; hunger— (6) Stairs; suds; clothes; assets; 

tidings. 

7. Present. Past. Past Participle. 

(a) blow blew blown 

(b) break broke broken 

(c) freeze froze frozen 

(d) cast cast cast 

(e) pay paid paid 

8. A complex sentence is a sentence that is composed of two or more clauses, one of which 

modifies some part of another clause. 

9. Examples — (a) I wish to hear from you — (6) He could read — (c) I was introduced to the 

lady whom you saw there — {d) I did not know that he was present — (e) Thou art the man. 
10. No answers required. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. No answer required. 

2. The pulmonary arteiy carries dark blood from the heart to the lungs, and the pulmonary 

vein carries red blood from the lungs to the heart. 

3. The chemical action of the oxygen in the blood, upon the tissues in the capillaries. 

4. The right auricle and right ventricle taken together are known as the right heart, i. e., the 

right side of the heart — and the left auricle and left ventricle as the left heart. 

5. The bones of the child have a larger proportion of cartilage to the mineral matter than 

have those of an adult. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. By Hollanders, in 1615, on the present sites of New York and Albany. 

2. William Henry Harrison, succeeded by John Tyler. Zachary Taylor, succeeded by 

Millard Fillmore. Abraham Lincoln, succeeded by Andrew Johnson. James A. Gar- 
field, succeeded by Chester A. Arthur. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 31 

3. The Louisiana territory, obtained from the French by purchase ; Florida, obtained from 

Spain by purchase ; Texas, formerly a part of Mexico, annexed upon a vote of its people; 
California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and part of Colorado, obtained from 
Mexico by purchase, and in the settlement of the Mexican war ; Alaska, obtained from 
Russia by purchase. 

4. Fort DuQuesne was located on the present site of Pittsburgh; Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake 

Champlain ; Fort Necessity, nearly south of Pittsburgh, in a pass in the Alleghany 
mountains, near the southern boundary of Pennsylvania; Fort Erie, on the west side of 
Niagara river, near Lake Erie. 

5. (a) The great massacre by the Indians ; (6) the surrender of Cornwallis ; (c) the surrender 

ofBurgoyne; (d) the great battle of Shiloh or Pittsburgh Landing, during the Civil 
war ; (e) the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, under Lee, to Gen. Grant. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. No answer required. 

2. The resignation of President Grevy, and the subsequent election by the French Assembly 

of President Carnot. 

3. The fiftieth congress of the United States. 

4. Four were hanged, the sentences of two were commuted to imprisonment for life, and one 

committed suicide. 

5. No answer required. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, FEBRUARY, i888. 
A. M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Divide 312.5 by .625. 10 

2. Define (a) greatest common divisor ; {h) common multiple. 10 

3. Required the cost of 3,000 pounds of oats at 35 cts. per bushel (New York standard). 10 

4. Find the square root of 3, correct to three decimal places. 10 

5. Find the difference and the product of 17 1-6 and 11 3-4. 10 

6. Multiply 3 bu. 3 pk. 3 qt. by 27. 10 

7. Reduce 14-23 A. to integers of lower denominations. 10 

8. What is the true present worth of $977.60, due 3 mo. 20 da. hence, discounted at the 

rate of 6 per cent, per annum. 10 

9. 25 per cent, of the selling price of an article is profit. Required the per cent, of gain 

on its cost. 10 

10. Find the diameter of a circle 165 feet in circumference. 10 



32 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name and locate the five largest cities in this State. 

2. There are ten seas in and around Europe ; name them. 

3: Name, in order, the ten States that touch Mississippi River, beginning at its source. 

4. Name four States in which coal is found in abundance. 

5. Describe the shortest all-water route from New Orleans to Borneo. 

6. On what geographical circle are the days and nights always of equal length ? 

7. Why is the climate of Northern Europe warmer than that of North America in the 

same latitude? 

8. Name (a) the tliree most northerly counties of this State; (b) The most easterly 

county; (c) The most southerly county; (d) The most westerly county. 

9. Name and locate five large European cities. 

10. Name the largest river of Africa that flows westerly. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Mention one duty of each of the following officers: («) Justice of the Peace; (6) Super- 

visor ; (c) County Clerk ; (cZ) Member of Assembly. 40 

2. How is a Supervisor elected ? For how long time ? 20 

3. Mention two duties of the District Clerk, and two of the Collector. 20 

4. What is the chief duty of the Lieutenant-Governor of this State? 10 

5. How is the number of members of the United States Senate determined ? 10 

DRAWING. 

Examinations in Drawing will be omitted until after summer vacation. 

P*. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Should A. S. Draper, Superintendent of Public Instruction, ask you fer your opinion, 

fully and freely expressed, of the comparative merits of the system of Uniform 
Examinations for Commissioners' Certificates and the system formerly practiced, 
what would be your reply ? (Write out a copy of your letter to him, complete as to 
form and matter.) 

Orthography, 10; Punctuation, 10; Form, 10; Correctness and propriety of 
language, 25. 55 

2. Write a sentence, using the word "floived," and another, using the word " flown." 10 

3. Write a sentence using the word "struck," and another, using the word "stricken." 10 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 33 

GRAMMAR. 

Old Time, in whose bank we deposit our notes, 

Is a miser who always wants guineas for groats ; 

He keeps all his customers still in arrears 

By lending them minutes and charging them years. — Holmes. 

1. Mention the principal and the subordinate clauses in the first two lines of the above 

extract. 

2. State the modifiers of Time. 

3. What are the simple subjects of all the clauses in the entire selection ? What are the 

simple predicates? 

4. Give case of hank, miser, customers, minutes, them. 

5. Parse lending. 

6. Give the four principal parts of the verbs sit and lay. 

7. Illustrate by examples three different uses of the apostrophe. 

8. Illustrate by sentence the use of the subjunctive mood. 

9. Write a sentence containing a clause used as an object. 
10. Write a sentence having an infinitive used as subject. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. (a) Of how many parts is the vertebral column composed? (6) What common name 

is applied to all the parts ? 20 

2. (a) Where is the spinal cord located ? (6) In what part of the spinal cord is the grey 

matter ? 20 

3. Explain why cleanliness of the skin is conducive to health? 20 

4. What is the office of the saliva, (a) in mastication? (6) in digestion? 20 

5. What argument would you employ to convince a man of his error, if he used alcoholic 

drinks, believing he would thereby be better able to endure exposure in cold 
weather ? 20 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Give name and location of each of the five tribes of Indians known as the Iroquois. 30 

2. Mention three oppressive acts of the British Parliament which are considered causes of 

the American Revolution. 15 

3. Name the Atlantic States which were among the original thirteen States. 25 

4. Name three prominent Centennial Celebrations, by the people of the United States, 

and give the date of each. 20 

5. What State is called the "Centennial" State? Why so called? =. 10 



To be supplied by the Commissioner. 



34 UNIFORM EXAMISATION QUESTIONS 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. What Territory desires to be divided and admitted to tiie Union as States? 20 

2. Mention one imjiortant recommendation in the last Message of the President. 20 

3. Name the Associate Justice of tiie .Sui>reme Court nominated by tlie President and con- 

firmed by the Senate the present session. 20 

4. What was the recommendation of the Commission to tlie present Legislature on the 

mode of executing the death penalty ? 20 

5. Willi what great national measure is Gladstone identified ? 20 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR FEBRUARY, i888. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. 500. 

2. (a) The greatest number that is an exact divisor of two or more given numbers. (6) Any 

number of which two or more given numbers are exact divisors. 

3. $32.81 1-4. 

4. 1.732+ 

5. Difference, 5 5-12; product, 201 17-24. 

6. 103 bu. 3 pk. 1 qt. 

7. 97 sq. rd. 11 sq. yd. 7 sq. ft. 92 8.23 sq. in. 



9. 33 1-3 per cent. 
10. 52 ft. 6 in. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. New York, at the mouth of the Hudson; Brooklyn, on the west end of Long Island; 

Albany, on the west bank of the Hudson ; Rochester, on the Genesee river; Buffklo, on 
Lake Erie. 

2. White, Caspian, Black, Marmora, Archepelago, Adriatic, Mediterranean, Irish, North, 

Baltic. 

3. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, 

Arkansas, Louisiana. 

4. Four of the following: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, West Virginia, 

Virginia. 

5. Through Gulf of Mexico, across the Atlantic, around Cape of Good Hope, and through the 

Indian Ocean. 

6. The Equator. 

7. Because of the Gulf Stream and the prevalence of westerly winds. 

8. (a) St. Lawrence, Franklin, Clinton; (6) Sutlblk ; (c) Richmond; (rf) Chautauqua. 

9. Any five of the following: London, on tiie Thames ; Paris, on the Seine; Liverpool, on 

the Mersey; St. Petersburgii, on the Neva; Berlin, on the Spree; Vienna, on the 
Danube; Frankfort, on the Oder; Rome, on the Tiber. 
10. The Niijer. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 35 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. (a) To issue his warrant for the arrest of persons charged with crime. (6) To hold and pay- 

out the public school moneys upon the order of school trustees, (c) To record deeds, 
mortgages, etc., in the proper books kept in his office, (d) To assist in making new 
laws and in revising old ones. 

2. By the voters of the town at the annual town meeting, for one year. 

3. To record the proceedings at each school meeting, and to issue notices of such meetings. 

To collect school taxes, and to hold moneys raised by tax until ordered to pay them out 
by the school trustee. 

4. To preside over the sessions of the senate. 

5. There are two elected from each of the thirty-eight States of the Union. 



No answers required. 
No answers required. 
See paper on Geography. 



COMPOSITION. 



SPELLING AND CAPITALIZATION. 



PENMANSHIP. 



GRAMMAR. 



1. Principal clause : Old Time is a miser. Subordinate clauses : (o) In whose bank we 

deposit our notes; (b) Who always wants guineas for groats. 

2. Time is modified by (a) the adjective old; (b) the adjective clause, in whose bank we deposit 

our notes; (c) the predicate noun (attribute) miser. 

3. Simple subjects: (a) Time, (6) we (c) ivho {d) he. Simple predicates: (a) is miser; 

(6) deposit ; (c) wants ; (d) keeps. 

4. (a) Jiank, objective case ; (b) miser, predicate nominative; (c) custoraers, objective case; (d) 

minutes, objective ccise; them, objective case. 

5. Verb; principal parts, lend, lent,, lending, lent; irregular; transitive; participle ; present 

tense; also used like a noun, objective case, object of the preposition i^/- Note.^Some 
would simply say : Present 'participle and object of by. 

6. Sit, sat, sitting, sat. 
Lay, laid, laying, laid. 

7. John's book ; ' Tis true ; He does not pronounce his r-'s. 

8. If he had gone, I would have remained. 

9. The sentinel said : " Who goes there ? " Or, He thought that he would go. 
10. "To die for one's country is sweet and glorious." 



36 UNIFORM EXAMINATIOy QUESTIONS 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. (a) 24. (6) Vertebra-. 

2. (a) It extends through tlie middle of the spinal column, {b) The inner part. 

3. It keeps the pores free from obstruction, giving free exit for excretions. 

4. (a) It softens and lubricates the food. (6) It changes starch to sugar. 

5. Though the circulation would be stimulated, causing him to feel warmer at first, a reaction 

would ensue and he would suifer more from cold than if lie abstained from the use of the 
stinuilant. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. Mohawks in territory centering in 

Herkimer county, and the others in the counties bearing their several names. 

2. Navigation act. Importation act. Stamp act. 

3. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Riiode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 

Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 

4. The Centennial Exposition, 1876. Yorktown, 1881. The adoption of the Constitution,* 

1887. '. 

5. Colorado. Because it was admitted to the Union in 1876. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Dakota. 

2. Keduction of the revenue by removing the tax from certain articles. 

3. L. Q. C. Lamar. 

4. That in cases of capital punishment, death by electricity be substituted for death by 

hanging. 

5. With home rule in Ireland. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, MARCH 3, 1888. 

Second and Third Grades. 

A. M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Find the prime factors of 72, 80 and 96 ; select from all these factors those whose pro- 

duct will give the L. C. M. of 72, 80 and 96, 10 

2. A cubic foot of water weighs 62.356 pounds ; silver is 10.511 times heavier than 

water; find the weight of 2 1-3 cubic feet of silver. 10 

3. What part of an acre is 7-20 of a scpiare rod? Express the answer decimally. 10 

4. Wiiat will it cost to fill a jug, which contains 2,310 cubic inches, with vinegar at seven 

cents a quart? 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 37 

5. Five men do as much work as eight boys ; what per cent of a man's work does a boy 

accomplish ? What per cent of a boy's work does a man accomplish ? 10 

5. Draw — on a separate slip of paper — (1) a note which shall be (2) negotiable, its (3) 
face, seventy-five dollars, its (4) time, six months, its (5) maker, John Doe, its (6) 
payee, Richard Eoe, its (7) date, Jan. 3, 1888, its (8) place of payment, at the First 
National Bank of Albany, (9) not bearing interest. Properly indorse it to John 
Jones. 20 

I. Find the proceeds of the note above described, discounted at a bank January 3, 1888. 20 

i. Express in proper form a true proportion whose extreme shall be nine feet and |22.50. 10 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name the lakes on which the following villages are situated, respectively : 

(1) Plattsburgh, (2) Penn Yan, (3) Cooperstown, (4) Geneva, (5) Canandaigua. 10 

2. In what river basins are the following cities located, respectively : (1) Toronto, (2) 

Minneapolis, (3) Salem, (4) Trenton, (5) Hartford ? 10 

3. Name three states and two territories that border on Nebraska. 10 

4. What is the latitude and longitude of a point that is 180°, measured on a great circle, 

from a point that is north latitude 40° and west longitude 70° ? 10 

5. Name five countries bordering on the Argentine Republic or Laplata. 10 

6. Into what bodies of water do the following rivers flow, respectively : Loire, Dwina, 

Ganges, Brazos, Merrimac ? 10 

7. Name the bodies of water in which the following islands are located, respectively : 

Jamaica, Anticosti, Mauritius, Isle of Man, Gothland. 10 

8. Name five seas that touch Russia in Europe. 10 

9. What is a delta ? How do deltas grow ? Name three large rivers that have large 

deltas. 10 

10. What river basin has the most luxurilnt vegetable growth of any on the American 

continent ? Give two causes for this. 10 

civjii government; 

1. What is the title of the presiding officer of the House of Representatives ? How is 

he chosen ? 10 

2. What is the title of the presiding officer of the United States Senate? How is he 

chosen ? 10 

3. Which of the president's cabinet is charged with administration of foreign affairs? 10 

4. Why should the constitution forbid the passage of an;^a; post facto law ? 10 

5. What is the highest military title in our country ? 10 

6. How are governors of territories appointed ? 10 

7. What is a congressional district ? 10 

8. Why is greater honor attached to the office of state senator than to that of member of 

assembly ? 10 

9. What limitations do the national and state constitutions place upon the appointing 

powers of the chief executives ? 10 

10. In what way do the national and state constitutions make chief executives responsible 

for legislation ? 10 



38 UNIFORM EX AMIS ATION QUESTIONS 

F». M. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a description of a lake which yon have visited, or whicli you may have 
imagined yourself to have visited, referring to the following {X)ints of interest: 
Location, dimensions, basin, outlet, navigation, fisheries, surrounding scenery, other 
points that may occur to you. 

Completeness with which the subject is treated. 

Clearness of the description. 

Grammatical correctness of language. 

Use of capitals and punctuation. 

Orthography and general appearance. 
For remaining 25 per cent see directions. (Punctuation and capitalization.) 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Conjugate the verb "^o" in the subjective present. 

2. Write the possessive plural of the following nouns: Woman, Joi, sheep, turkey, lady. 

3. Write the j)ossessive irregular of the following pronouns: It, she, I, which, ichosoever. 

4. Write the comparative form of each of the following adjectives and adverbs: Evil, 

veil, little, nigh, hind. 

5. Write a sentence containing a relative pronoun in the objective case. 

6. Analyze the following sentence: " And he called one of the servants and asked what 

these things meant." Express your analysis by diagram or otherwise. 

7. In the above sentence, what is the object of the verb "asked?" Of the verb 

" meant f " 

8. Explain the syntax of " that" in the following sentence : " A man of polite imagina- 

tion is let into a great many {)leasures that the vulgar are not capable of receiving." 

9. Explain the syntax of " capable " in the same sentence. 
10. Explain the syntax of " receiving " in the same sentence. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Describe the mucous membrane. 

H. Where is the larynx located ? 

3. How are the tones of the voice modulated, as to pitch ? 

4. What exchange of gases takes place in the lungs? 

5. Describe the aorta. 

6. Name five fluids which are agents in digesting the food. 

7. What fluid contains pepsin ? What office is performed by the pepsin ? 

8. What effect is supposed to be produced upon the pepsin when alcohol is taken into 

the stomach? 

9. Describe the pia mater. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 39 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Of what church were the earliest settlers of Maryland ? Of Pennsylvania ? 10 

2. What circumstances led to the colonization of Rhode Island ? 10 

3. By what war did Great Britain acquire Canada ? 10 

4. In what body was the general government of the colonies lodged during the Ameri- 

can revolution ? 10 

5. Why was the battle of Saratoga so important in its consequences ? 10 

6. What brilliant victory is associated with the name of Oliver Hazard Perry? In what 

way was that victory gained ? 10 

7. By what war did the United States make the largest acquision of territory ? What 

states and territories have since been formed of this territory ? 20 

8. Who were the respective commanders of the Union and Confederate forces in the bat- 

tle of Antietam ? Of Gettysburg ? 20 

READING. 

To be supplied by the commissioner. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. What illustrious American scientist died in January, 1888 ? 10 

2. What famous English actor is now in America ? 10 

3. What publication relating to school affairs is soon to be sent to every school district 

in this State ? 10 

4. State some fact or incident of which you have read relating to a great storm in 

Dakota or Nebraska. 10 

5. What is the name of the great Irish leader in the British parliament ? 10 

6. What is, probably, the question to be most discussed in the approaching presidential 

campaign ? 10 
• 7. What distinguished woman astronomer is a professor in one of our American col- 
leges ? W^hat is the name of the college referred to ? 

8. Why is the freshman Class at Cornell larger than any previous class? 10 

9. What two changes have recently been made in the president's cabinet ? 10 
10. Describe an eclipse that has occurred this year. 10 



40 UNIFORM EX A MIX A TION Q UESTIONS 

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR MARCH 3, 1888. 

1. 72 = 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 X 3, 80 = 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 5, 96 == 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 3. L. C. M. of 72, 80 and 

96 =2x2x2x2x2x3x3x5. 

2. 1529.3286+ pounds. 

3. .000072+ 

4. $2.80. 

5. 62^^, 160^. 

6. Answer not needed. 

7. $72.71. 

8. Answers, various. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. (1) Champlain, (2) Keuka, (3) Otsego, (4) Seneca, (5{ Canandaigua. 

2. (1) St. Lawrence, (2) Mississippi, (3) Columbia, (4) Delaware, (5) Connecticut. 

3. Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado; Dakota and Wyoioing. 

4. S. Lat. 40°, E. Lon. 110°. 

5. Chili, Bolivia, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay. 

6. Bay of Biscay, White Sea, Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean. 

7. Caribbean Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Indian Ocean, Irish Sea, Baltic Sea. 

8. White Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Caspian Sea. 

9. A triangular piece of land between two mouths of the same river. Deltas are formed by 

deposits of earth carried down by ihe river. Third answer, various. 

1(1. The basin of the Amazon: because of the warm climate and abundant rains. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. The Speaker ; by the Members of the House. 

2. The Vice-President ; by electors chosen by the people. 

3. The Secretary of State. 

4. Because it would be unjust to condemn a man for violating a law not in existence at the 

time the act was committed. 

5. General. 

6. By the President with the approval of the Senate. 

7. A portion of a State entitled by law to send a representative to Congress. 

8. Because he represents a much larger constituency, and he is elected for a longer term. 

9. His apijointments must be approved by the Senate. 
10. It gives them the power of veto. 

COMPOSITION. 
Answers cannot be prepared. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 41 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Singular, — if I go, if thou go, if he go. Plural, — if we go, if you go, if they go. 

2. Women's, foxes', sheep's, turkeys', ladies'. 

3. Its, her, my, or mine, whose, whosoever. 

4. Worse, better, less, nigher, hinder. 

5. Various answers. 

6. Answer not needed. 

7. What these things meant. What. 

8. In the objective case after receiving. 

9. It belongs to Vulgar. 

10. In the objective case after of. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. It is a continuation of the skin of a more delicate texture, lining the alimentary canal and 
all the cavities opening from it. 
At the upper extremity of the wind pipe. 
By stretching or relaxing the vocal cords. 

Oxygen of the air enters the blood and carbonic acid in the blood enters the air. 
It is the great artery that conducts the purified blood from the left ventricle of the heart. 
Saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, intestinal fluid. 
The gastric juice. It dissolves the albuminoids of the food. 
It is supposed to coagulate it. 

It is a membrane enveloping the brain, protecting it and distributing blood to the brain 
through its many blood vessels. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

The Eoman Catholic, the Quaker Church. 

The banishment of Roger Williams from Massachusetts for heresy. 

The French and Indian war. 

Tlie continental congress. 

Because it led to the surrender of Burgoyne and that event led to the recognition of the 
United Cblonies as a nation by France. 
3. The naval victory on Lake Erie in the war of 1812. 

1 . By the Mexican war, California, Nevada, Colorado, Texas, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico. 
B. McClellan and Lee, Meade and Lee. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Prof. Gray. 

2. Irving. 

3. The Code of Public Instruction. 

4. Various answers. 
'\ Parnell. 

6. The tariff question. 

7. Maria Mitchell, Vassar College. 



42 i WIFOE M J:XA MIX. 1 27 O.Y Q UESTIONS 

8. Because of a new law in relation to free schohiroiii|) allowing substitutes from districts not 

otherwise represented. 

9. Mr. Vilas has been transferred to the charge of the interior department and Mr. D. Dickin- 

son has been ap|)oinled in liis place. 
10. A total eclipse of the moon occurred on the evening of January 28. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATIONS, MARCH 13 and 14, 1888. 

First Grade. 

Tuesday*, A. IVI. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Express by words 234,506.234. 10 

2. State the principles that you would teach in multi plication. 10 

3. State two principles that you would teach in greatest common divisor. 10 

4. Given, the dividend, quotient, and remainder, to find the divisor, state the process. 10 

5. Given, rate, time, and interest, to find principal. State rule or formula. 10 

6. Define (a) the unit of a fraction; (h) a fractional unit. 1(T 

7. Define (a) ratio; (6) proportion. 10 

8. A shijj's chronometer, set at Greenwich, points to 5 ii. 40 min. 20 sec. P. M. when tlie 

sun is on the meridian. What is the ship's longitude? 10 

9. AVhat is the difference between the true and the bank discount of $950 for three 

montlis, at 7 per cent? 10 

10. A rectangular park, the sides of which are respectively 45 rods and 60 rods long, has 

a walk cro.ssing it from corner to corner. How long is the walk ? 10 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1 . What nation controls the Suez canal ? Wiiat waters does it connect ? 10 

2. Name five valuable articles of commerce exported from Africa. 10 

3. Through what waters would a ship pass in going from the city of Buflfalo, the most 

direct way, to the Atlantic ocean ? 10 

4. Name three important lines of railroad over which you may pass from Chicago to San 

Francisco. 10 

5. .Name a city where the days and nights are exactly equal throughout the year. 10 

6. Name ten cities located in the following counties of this State: Chautauqua, Oneida, 

Broome, Monroe, Dutchess, Kings, Ulster, Chemtmg. 10 

7. Name five countries of Europe bordering on the Mediterranean sea. 10 

8. Locale the Philippine Islands; the Sandwich Islands. 10 

9. Define plateau ; waler-shed. 10 
10 If an isothermal line were drawn from the ea.st coast of North America through the 

British islands to Norway, where would it be in highest latitude, in America, in 
Great Britain, or in Norway? Wiiere would it be in lowest latittule ? 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 43 

Tuesday, F*. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a sentence, using the word me, and another, using the word raise. 10 

2. Write a sentence, using the word done, and another, using the word set. 10 

3. Write a description of some industry, or a branch of some industry, with which you 

are well acquainted, speaking of {I) its location and advantages of location ; (2) the 
history of the factory or establishment; (3) the condition of the workmen or 
employees; (4) the benefits or injury it brings to the vicinity in which it is located. 
Credits as follows : 

For correctness of form and language. 10 

For correctness of punctuation. 10 

For correctness of spelling, and capitals. 10 

For excellence of composition. 25 

As provided in general regulations. 25 

GRAMMAR. 
You hear that boy laughing ? You think lie's all fun ; 
But the angels laugh, too, at the good he has done ; 
The children laugh loud as they troop at his call, 
And the poor man that knows him, laughs loudest of all. — 0. W. Holmes. 

1. Which are the principal clauses ? 10 

Note. -In naming a clause, it is sufficient to give only simple subject and simple 
predicate. 

2. Name the subordinate clauses, indicating whether they are adjective, adverbial, or 

objective. 10 

3. Write synopsis of Aear, i. e., give first person, singular, in \he indicative mode, passive 

voice. 10 

4. Parse laughing and fun. ' 10 

5. Illustrate by sentences two different uses of what, and explain their use grammatically. 10 

6. Name five offices of a noun that a clause may perform. 10 

7. Illustrate, by sentences, the above uses. 10 

8. Write a sentence containing a participle, an adverb, a verb in the passive voice, and a 

relative 2)ronoun. Underline the parts indicated above. 10 

9. Write a sentence having a participle modifying the subject, and an infinitive used as 

the object of a verb. 10 

10. In the sentence, He wanted Miss Smith to lend him her pencil, what is the object of 
wanted. 



44 UNIFORM EXAMIXATIOS QUESTIONS 

PHYSIOLOGY AMD HYGIENE. 

1. Name tliree functions or offices of the skin. lO 

2. Name the vessels by whicli the blood passes from the right side of the heart to the 

left. 10 

3. What danger is there in encouraging children to walk at too early an age? 10 

4. Why do alcoholic stimulants make the stomach feel well ? Why not use them for 

that purpose? 10 

5. Of what use is the hair that grows in the nostrils ? Of what use is the ear wax ? 10 

6. Why does a hot foot bath relieve headache ? 10 

7. Describe a ball and socket joint and give two examples. 10 

8. What is the name of the poisonous element in tobacco? 10 

9. What substance in the body is harder than bone? 10 
10. What is chyle? 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What legal requirement must county officers comply with before entering upon the 

duties of their offices ? 10 

2. What is a deed? A mortgage ? 10 

3. What is the highest United States court? Of how many judges is it composed ? 10 

4. In whicli brancii of Congress must bills for raising revenue originate? 10 

5. What is the fundamental law of this State ? Of the United States ? 10 

6. What is meant by the "elective franchise?" Name two classes who are wholly 

deprived of it. 10 

7. State two similarities existing between tlie government of this State and that of the 

United States. 10 

8. What is the difference in the manner of choosing the judges of the courts of this State, 

and tiiose of the United States courts? 10 

9. Where does the treaty-making power in the United States Government reside? 10 
10. What is a corporation ? Name two kinds. 10 



"Wednesday, A. M. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Of what nationality was De Soto ? What discovery did he make? 10 

2. Why was Virginia thus named, and where was its first settlement? 10 

3. In wiiat colony and in what year was slavery introduced into the United States? 10 

4. Who was William Penn? What State did he found ? 10 

5. Give the names of three persons prominent in inciting the colonists to rebel against 

England. 10 

6. Name four distinguished generals who afterward became Presidents of the United 

States. 10 

7. What WJLS the Emancipation Proclamation ? When and by whom was it issued ? 10 

8. With what nation have we a treaty restricting immigration.^ 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 45 

9. Name two distinguished foreigners who assisted the colonists during the Revolu- 
tionary War. 10 
10. Give a brief sketch of the life of (a) Lincoln ; (6) Seward. 10 

ALGEBKA. 

1. Define Algebra. Define an equation. 10 

2. State the axiom that applies to the transposition of a term from one member of an 

equation to the other. 10 

(a) When the term is a positive quantity; 
(6) When the term is a negative quantity. 

3. Explain the difference between the two algebraic expressions, a -j- ^ and 

X 

a — • 10 

X 

4. Show that — y {m — x) = (x — m) y. 10 

£(3 

5. Prove that = a^- 10 

— a 

08+6 a-b _ , , 

6* 3 

7. 'L -i- ^ = ? 10 

8. Find the value of the unknown quantity in the equation ^ -|- .^ = 20 — — . 10 

3 5 4 

9. Find two numbers whose sum is 40 and whose difference is 16. Give full solution. 10 
10. A boatman who can row 12 miles per hour in still water, is 7 hours in rowing to a 

certain point up the river, and 5 hours in returning. At what rate per hour does 
the river flow ? Give full solution. 10 

CUEBENT TOPICS. 

1. What is the name of the presiding officer of the Senate of this State? Of the 

Assembly ? 10 

2. What portion of our State Capitol has been condemned as unsafe ? Why? 10 

3. Name two territories which are asking for admission to the Union, as States. 10 

4. In what cities respectively are the two great political parties to hold their next 

national convention ? 10 

5. What is the principal feature of the Crosby Bill ? 10 

6. What Englishman is known as the "grand old man?" 10 

7. What important educational bill has recently passed the United States Senate ? 10 

8. What interoceanic canal is now in process of construction ? 10 

9. What brave act did Miss Freeman, a western teacher, recently perform ? 10 
10. Who is the oldest monarch of Europe ? 10 



46 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

\V.ediiesday, F*. M. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 



20 



1. Rule form of (a) day book? (b) ledger. 

2. James Miller bought of lis on accomit, March 10, 1888, 10 lb. sugar at 7i cts., 2 bu. 

potatoes at 60 cts., 50-lb. sack of flour, $1.70, 3 bars of soap, 25 cts., ^ lb. tea at 80 
cts., and \ gal. N. O. molasses at 90 cts. March 14, 1888, he pays lis on account 
$2.50. 
Enter the foregoing in the ruled form of day book and post to the ruled form of ledger. 40 

3. If A and B keep accounts witli each other, the items on the Or. side of the account kept 

by B will be found where in the account kept by A ? 

4. "What cash items are entered in the Dr. column of the cash-book ? 

5. What is meant by the book of original entry. 

6. We receive $25 of Amos Brown this day and place. Write him a receipt for the same. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1. Who is at the head of the school affairs of the State? Of the county? Of the school 

district ? Of the school-room ? 

2. State briefly the provisions of the law of 1887 relative to the employment and pay of 

teachers. 

3. What is the salary of a School Commissioner ? How may it be increased ? 

4. State within what degree of relationship is a trustee prohibited from employing a 

teacher, except by vote of a district meeting. 

5. State the provisions of the new law in respect to school out-buildings. 



1. By diagram illustrate two kinds of levers. 

2. How many valves are necessary for a common lifting pump? In which direction do 

they open ? 

3. Define impenetrability and inertia. 

4. Upon wliat principle does a common thermometer indicate changes of temperature ? 

5. Why will cold water poured upon a hot stove lid be likely to break it? 

6. When you invert a tumbler full of water covered with a paper, what sustains the 

water? 

7. Why does a teaspoon standing in a tumbler of water appear bent? 

8. What causes dew ? 

9. Why will smoke rise more readily on some days than on others? 
10. Why will shavings ignite more readily tiian large pieces of wood ? 

METHODS. 

1. Explain your method of teaching beginners to read. 

2. What is the synthetic method of teaching Geography ? 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 47 

3. Explain the process of dividing one fraction by another. 20 

4. What results should be secured by map-drawing ? 20 

5. State two good rules to be observed in criticising pupils in class-work. 20 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR MARCH 13 AND 14, 1888. 

First Grade. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1 . Two hundred thirty-four thousand, five hundred six, and two hundred thirty-four thous- 

andths. 

2. (a) The multiplier must be regarded as an abstract number. 
(6) The multiplicand and product must be like numbers. 

(c) Either of the factors may be used as multiplicand or multiplier when both are abstract. 
3-4. Any two of the five following : 

(a) A common divisor of two numbers is an exact divisor of their sum. 

(6) A common divisor of two numbers is an exact divisor of their difference. 

(c) An exact divisor divides any number of times its dividend. 

(d) The greatest common divisor of two or more numbers contains all the prime factors of 
those numbers and no others. 

(e) The greatest common divisor of two numbers is either their difference or some factor of 
their difference. 

5. Divide the given interest by the interest of %1, or by the rate on |1, for the given time at 

the given rate. 
6-7. See text-books. 

8. 85° 5^ west. 

9. 29 cents. 
10. 75 rd. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Great Britain. The Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. 

2. Any five from the following: gold, ivory, gums, valuable woods, ostrich feathers, palm 

oil, spices, sugar, diamonds, wool, hides. 

3. Lake Erie, "Welland Canal, Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence Eiver, Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

4. Northern Pacific, Central Pacific, Southern Paci6c. 

5. Quito. 

6. Dunkirk, Jamestown, Utica, Rome, Binghamton, Rochester, Poughkeepsie, Brooklyn, 

Kingston, Elmira. 

7. Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, Greece. 

8. Philippine Islands, in the Pacific ocean, off the coast of China ; Sandwich Islands, in the 

Pacific Ocean, west of North America. 



48 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

9. A phiteau is an elevated plain ; a water-shed is a ridge or divide between two river basins 
10. Its latitude would be highest in Norway and lowest in America. 

COMPOSITION. 

Answers to questions on composition admit of so much variety that it would not be practicable 
to furnish them. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. You hear; You think; angels laugh; children laugh; man laughs. 

2. He's fun, o6/ee<ti!e ; (which j he has done, adjective; as they troop, adverbial; that knows? 

adjective. 

3. Indicative mood : 

Present tense, I am heard. 

Past tense, I was heard. 

Future tense, I shall (will) be heard. 

Present perfect tense, I have been heard. 

Past Perfect tense, I had been lieard. 

Future perfect tense, I shall (w'ill) have been heard. 

4. Laughing is a verb; regular, transitive by addition of at, active voice, participle, or par- 

ticipial mode, present tense, used like an adjective, modifies the noun hoy. 
Fun is a noun, common, third person, singular number, neuter gender, predicate noun, 
(attribute) and agrees with the subject, he in the nominative case. 

5. No answer furnished as so many are possible. 

6. (a) Subject of verb. 
(6) Object of verb. 

(c) Object of preposition. 

{d) Appositive. 

(e) Attribute (noun in predicate). 

7. Examples : 

(a) " Who goes there?" was said by the sentinel. 

(h) He said, "I will go." 

(c) The success of the expedition de{)ends upon Who the commander is. 

{d) He gave the answer " I am sorry." 

(e) The fact is that he did not study. 

8. Example : " The traveler being pressed closely by the dog, which seemed to grow more 

vicious, turned (luickly and threw his hut at him, by which the cur was completely ter- 
rified." 

9. Example : John preferring to play, did not study. 

10. Object : Miss Smith to lend him her pencil. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Protection, excretion, absorption. 

2. Pulmonary arteries, pulmorary capillaries, pulmonary veins. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 49 

The danger that the legs will become crooked because the bones are then so flexible. 

Because they intensify the vital action and flow of blood. Because this unnatural stimula- 
tion leads to overaction and disease. 

It protects the nasal cavity from dust and any other substance that might be drawn in with 
the breath. It protects the ear drum from insects. 

Because it causes the blood to circulate freely in the lower extremities and so relieve con- 
gestion of the blood in the brain. 

It consists of a socket at the end of one bone, and a ball fitting into it at the end of the 
other bone, the shoulder-joint and the hip-joint. 

Nicotine. 

The enamel of the teeth. 

It is the food after it has undergone the processes of digestion. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

They must take the oath of office. 

A conveyance of the ownership of land by one party to another, etc. An instrument 

giving security upon property for the payment of money due. 
The Supreme Court. Nine. 
House of Kepresentatives. 

The Constitution of the State of New York. The Constitution of the United States. 
Freedom to vote at all elections where qualified by law. Any two of the following : Minors. 

Persons convicted of State prison offenses. Indians not taxed. Aliens. 
No definite answer can be given here. 
In this State they are elected by the people, except in case of vacancy in office. In the 

United States they are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 
With the President and Senate. 
A society of persons authorized by law to transact business as an individual. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

A Spaniard. The Mississippi river. 

After the " Virgin Queen " of England, at Jamestown. 

Virginia, 1619. 

A celebrated English Quaker. Pennsylvania. 

No definite answer can be given here. Patrick Henry, Joseph Otis, Samuel Adams, etc. 

Washington, Jackson, Taylor, and Grant, 

A proclamation declaring all the slaves, in the United States, free wherever the people 

were in rebellion. 1863 ; Abraham Lincoln. 
China. 

Any two of the following : LaFayette, Kosciusko, Pulaski, or Steuben. 
No answer can be given here to this, as all answers will vary. 



50 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 



1. No answer required here. 

2. (o) If equals be subtracted from eijuals, the reiuainder will be equal. 
(6) If equals be added to equals, the sums will be equal. 

3. In the expression a -f- -~ '^ the quotient of 6 — c divided by x is to be added to a ; and in 

X 

the expression a — the quotient of 6 — c divided by x is to be subtracted from a. 

X 

4. — yX{m — .t) = — my -\- xy; and ( — m-\-o:)X y = (x — m) y. 

5. — a'-H-f-ai — a-; but the minus sign before the divisor shows that the quotient, — a* 

is to be subtracted ; and — ( — a^)= -|- a- or a-, 
g g-'+ai — a»6 — 6- 

7. — • 

y 

8. x=25ff 

9. Let X the greater number, and 40 — x the less. 

a— (40— a) =16 
2a;— 40= 16 

22=16 + 40 

a:= 28, the greater number, and 
40 — 28 = 12, the less number. \ 

10. Let X miles = the rate per hour the river flows. 
7Xl2mi.=7a-mi. = distance up the river, and 
5x12 mi.-|- 5x mi. = distance down the river. 
7X12— 7a; = 5Xl2-f-5a; 
12a; = 24, and x =2 = mi. per hour. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Edward F. Jones ; Fremont Cole. 

2. The ceiling of the Assembly chamber. Because the stone supfwrts were not strong enough j 

to support the weight. 

3. Dakota, Utah and Montana. 

4. Chicago and St. Louis. 

5. High license to restrict the liquor traffic. \ 

6. Gladstone. \ 

7. The Blair Educational Bill. 

8. Nicaragua ship canal. 

9. By tying thirteen children, her pupils, together, she conducted them to a place of safety, , 

during a terrific storm that destroyed the school house; the weather was exceedingly ^ 

cold. \ 

10. The emperor of Germany. . ' 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 51 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

No answer required. 

No answer required. 

Tliey will be found on the Dr. side. 

Items of cash received. 

The book in which an item of account is first entered. 

Answer according to any well established form. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

State Superintendent. School Commissioner. Trustee. Teacher. 

The Trjustee must give the teacher a written minute of the terms agreed on, signed by 

trustee; the pay of teacher shall be due and payable at least as often as at the end of 

each calendar month. 
The salary is $1,000, with $200 audited by the Supervisors for expenses. By Board of 

Supervisors. 
Second. 
See the law in the school register. 

PHYSICS. 
First class. Second class. Third class. 

F. F. 

W. P. V W. P. V P. W. 



A F 
Two— Upward. 
Impenetrability, that property of matter in virtue of which no two bodies can occupy the 

same space at the same time. Inertia, that property of matter in virtue of which a body 

cannot set itself in motion, nor when in motion can it stop itself. 
That mercury contracts and expands regularly by change in temperature. 
It causes one side to expand, and thus the brittle iron is broken in bending. 
The upward pressure of the air. 

The rays of light in passing from the water to the air ai'e refracted. 
Principally, the lowering of the temperature after sundown causes condensation of the 

moisture of the air in contact with a substance that readily radiates its heat. It depends 

also npon the amount of moisture in the ai,r. 
The air is heavier when the smoke rises readily. 
The shavings are poor conductors of heat and retain it. 



For 1, 3, 4, and 5, no answers are required to be given here. 

The synthetic method of teaching Geography, begins with what the child can see at home 

and in the school-room, and goes from there to the town, county, etc., gradually reaching 

out to the world as a whole. 



52 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, MARCH 13, 1888. 

Second and Third Grades. 

A. M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Give the dividend, 807, and the quotient, 34J. Find the divisor. 

2. If the first, third, and fourth terms of a proportion are given, how may the second 

term be found ? 

3. Wliat are the proceeds of a 90 da. note for $500 discounted at a bank at the rate of 6 

per cent, per annum ? 

4. Why does the value of a decimal remain unchanged when ciphers are annexed ? 

5. A square field contains 20 acres. Required the number of rods of fence to inclose it. 

Carry the answer only to one decimal place. 

6. A commission merchant sold 900 pounds of turkeys at 23 cents per pound, and re- 

tained for his services $10.35. What rate of commission did he charge? 

7. In what time will $125 amount to $145.75, at 6 per cent., simple interest ? 

8. 14 A. 10 sq. rd. is what part of 50 A. 100 sq. rd.? 

9. Find the cost of 2,315 pounds of coal at $5.75 per ton. 
10. A merchant failed, and paid his creditors 55 cents on the dollar. If he paid in all 

$3,874.75, what was the amount of his indebtedness ? 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name the five principal tributaries of the Mississippi. 

2. What form of government has Russia ? England ? France ? Mexico ? Brazil ? 

3. In what zones is North America ? Africa ? 

4. What mountaia range on the boundary between France and Spain ? Between Nor- 

way and Sweden ? Between Russia and Siberia ? Between Thibet and Hindo- 
stan ? Only two of the four ranges required. 

5. Name five principal river boundaries of the United States? 

6. Mention the zones of the earth, giving the width of each in degrees. 

7. Name five lakes that discharge tlieir waters through the Oswego river. 

8. What is the most direct water-way from New York to Culcutta? 

9. What are the principal agricultural productions of this country ? 
10. Mention two cities of New York on the New York, Lake Erie and Western R. R. 

CIVIL, GOVERNMENT. 

1. In what way does the United States Government secure funds with which to meet its 

expenses. 20 

2. How many members of the Assembly in this State ? Of the State Senate ? How 

many members of the United States Senate ? 20 

3. What officials constitute a town hoard in this state ? 20 

4. Give two legal qualifications necessary to make a man eligible to the office of U. S. 

Senator ? 20 

5. How is a vacancy in the office of member of Congress filled ? 20 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 53 

P. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

Give two rules for the use of the period. 10 

Give rule for the punctuation of direct quotations, and give example. 10 

Write a formal letter to the Commissioner of your district, setting forth five reasons 

why you consider yourself qualified to teach school. 55 

(See regulations for remaining 25 per cent, of credits.) 

GRAMMAR. 

Write sentences containing adverbs of (a) time ; {b) place ; (e) manner ; (d) degree ; 

(e) negation. Underscore each and also the word it modifies. 10 

Give the principal parts of the verbs ride, sit, see, write, and chose. 10 

Compare all the words that admit of comparison in the following couplet : 
" How far that little candle throws its beam ! 

So shines a good deed in a naughty world." 10 

What class of verbs has no passive voice ? Write a sentence to illustrate. 10 

Classify the clauses in the sentence, "And God said, ' let there be light,' and there was 
light," stating whether they are principal or subordinate. 10 

Note. — In naming a clause, it is sufiicient to include only simple subject and simple 

predicate. 
Parse the word what in the sentence. This is precisely what ivas necessary. 10 

Write sentences containing verbs in the potential mood denoting (a) power; (6) 

necessity ; (c) permission. 10 

Write five abstract nouns. 10 

What is a finite verb ? 10 

Which moods can be used in the interrogative form ? Which cannot be so used ? 

Illustrate. 10 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

Why does severe physical or mental labor immediately after eating hinder digestion ? 20 

Define two of the following : plasma ; fibrin ; clot ; serum. 20 

What veins are provided with valves ? 20 

Describe the peristalic movement of the stomach. 20 

Should ice-water be taken during a meal ? Why ? 20 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

In what branch of warfare did the A mericans particularly distinguish themselves in 

the War of 1812? 20 

What people claim to have discovered America before the time of Columbus? 20 

What efiect had the Colonial wars upon the Kevolutionary struggle ? 20 
Name two battles of the Mexican war and the commander of the American troops in 

each. 20 

Name the eleven States that formed the Confederacy in the war of the rebellion ? 20 



54 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. What nation threatens the jieace of Europe at the present time ? What part of its 

policy is considered aggressive ? 20 

2. AVhat lias been done with the Blair educational bill at this session of Congress? 20 

3. Of what is oleomargarine made ? 20 

4. What educational gathering is to convene at Watkins, N. Y., July o, 1888. 20 

5. Give some account of the condition of the Crown Prince, Frederick William, of 

Prussia. 20 

READING. 

To be supplied by the Commissioner. 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR MARCH 13, 1888. 
Second and Third Grades. 

ARITHMETIC. 
1 00 5 8 

2. By dividing the product of the first and fourth terms by the third term. 

3. $492.25. (On the basis of 30 days to the month. Exact interest is of course correct.) 

4. Annexing a cipher to a decimal diminishes the size of the units in the same proportion 

that it increases the number of units ; or 
It multiplies both numerator and denominator by the same number. 

5. 226.27 + rd. 

6. 5 per cent. 

7. 2 yr. 9 mo. 6 da. 
8. 



TS- 



9. $0.66. 
10. $7045. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Red river ; Arkansas river; Ohio river; Missouri river ; Des Moines river. 

2. Absolute monarchy. Constitutional monarchy. Republic. Federal republic. Constitu- 

tional monarchj'. 

3. North Frigid, North Temperate and Torrid. North Temi)erate, Torrid, and South Tem- 

perate. 

4. Pyrenees. Scandinavian. Ural. Hyaraalaya. 

5. St. Lawrence river; St. John's river; St. Croix river; Rio Grande river; Colorado 

river; Niagara river ; etc. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 55 

6. North Frigid,— 23i° wide. 
North Temperate, — 43° wide. 
Torrid,— 47° wide. 

South Temperate, — 43° wide. 
South Frigid,— 23J° wide. 

7. Oneida, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Keuka, — and others. 

8. Via Atlantic ocean, Mediterranean sea, Suez canal, Red sea, Indian ocean and Bay of 

Bengal. 

9. Answer according to location. 

0. Binghamton and Elmira, (Hornellsville, incorporated March, 1, 1888.) 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Principally, by collecting duties on imported goods, and by taxing the manufacture and 

sale of tobacco and spirituous liquors. 

2. 128 Members of Assembly. 32 State Senators. 76 United States Senators. 

3. Supervisor, Justices of the Peace, and Town Clerk. 

4. Age, 30 years at least ; nine years a citizen of the U. S. ; a resident of the State he is 

elected to represent. 

5. The Government of the State issues a special writ of election, and the electors of the dis- 

trict act thereunder. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. A period should be placed after every declarative or imperative sentence; after every 

abbreviation not fully noted by marks of elision ; and after Roman numerals. 

2. Every direct quotation should be set off by commas. 

3. No answer required. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. No answer required. 

2. Ride — rode — riding — ridden. 
Sit — sat — sitting — sat. 

See — saw — seeing — seen. 

Write — wrote — writing — written. 

Choose — chose — choosing — chosen. 

3. Far — farther — farthest. 
Little — less — least. 
Good — better — best. 

Naughty — naughtier — naughtiest. 

4. Intransitive verbs. 

5. Principal clauses, God said, there was light. Subordinate clause. Let there be light. 

6. Relative pronoun — third person — singular number — neuter gender, nominative case in 

predicate with verb is, and nominative case, subject of the verb ivas. 

7. No answer required. 

8. No answer required. 

9. One that does not predicate the act or state of a subject. 

10. Indicative and potential. Imperative and subjunctive. 



56 UXIFORM EXAMIXATION QUESTIONS 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. The blood required to stimulate the digestive organs is drawn by the physical or mental 

exertion, to the muscles or the brain. 

2. Plasms, — the thin colorless liquid that comprises the great bulk of the blood. 

Fibrin, — an ingredient of the blood that hardens when the blood escapes from the veins 

or the arteries. 

Clot, — hardened fibrin mixed with corpuscles, and useful in being nature's means in 

stopping hemorrhages. 
Serum, — a clear yellow liquid remaining after a blood clot has formed. 

3. The larger vein that conducts blood upward when the body is in an erect position. 

4. The peristaltic movement is the peculiar churning movement caused by the contraction, 

alternately, of the longitudinal and circular fibres of the muscle that forms one of the 
coats of the stomach. 

5. No. The low temperature of the water checks the flow of the digestive juices, and thus re- 

tards digestion. 

AMERICAN HISTORY". 

1. In naval warfare. 

2. The Scandinavians, or Northmen. 

3. The colonial wars had developed a military spirit among the colonists, and had educated 

many of their officers in the art of war, thus better fitting the colonists to cope with the 
British troops. 

4. Answer unnecessary. 

5. Virgina, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- 

iana, Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Russia. The massing of troops adjacent to the frontiers of Germany, Austria, and Turkey. 

2. It lias passed the Senate and been sent to the House of Representatives. 

3. Principally of the fat of animals. 

4. New York State Teachers' Association. 

5. He is suffering from a throat disease generally believed to be a cancerous aflPection of the 

larynx and trachea. His physicians have inserted a tube through his neck into his 
trachea for him to breath through. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 57 

QUESTIONS FOR SPECIAL EXAMINATION, MARCH, 1888. 

Second and Third Grades. 

A. M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

Note. — In the solution of these problems, every process must be indicated. Mere answers 
will not be accepted. 

1. Write 1249 in Roman notation. 10 

2. The product of two numbers and one of the numbers given to find the other number. 

State the process and give reason for it. 10 

3. What is cancellation ? For what purpose is it used ? 10 

4. Reduce 4^^^-^ll^ first to a common fraction, and then to a decimal true to two places. 10 

5. Phelps & Co. bought of Barber & Perkins 15 reams paper at $4, and 20M. envelopes 

at $2.70. Make out a bill and receipt it properly. 10 

6. Reduce f of a mile to integers of lower denomination^. 10 

7. A man failing in business had only $2,100. He owed $6,000. What per cent, would 

his creditors recieve ? 10 

8. Find the interest on $475 for 1 year, 3 months, 24 days at 6 per cent. 10 

9. What is the present value of a note for $750, due .1 year 6 months hence, at 6 per 

cent., without interest ? (True discount.) 10 

10. Bought 4 loads of hay, weighing 2,750 lbs. each, at $20 per ton, and gave my note, 
without interest, at 60 days to pay it. What are the proceeds of the note, if dis- 
counted at a bank at 6 per cent ? 10 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name and locate (a) the metropolis, (6) the capital, (c) the largest lake, (rf) the largest 

island, and (e) the highest mountain of New York State. 10 

2. Name three lakes and two rivers through which the bounding lines of New York 

State pass. 1 

3. Bound Utah. ,10 

4. Name the ten territories of the United States. 10 

5. What is a mountain range ? 10 

6. Locate the following mountains : (a) the Pyrenees, (6) Alps, (c) Ural, (d) Scandina- 

vian, (e) Caucasus. . 10 

7. Give two causes for differences in climate. 10 

8. When are the days and nights equal all over the world ? Why ? 10 

9. Define axis, diameter, circumference, poles, and equator. 10 
10. How much is the axis of the earth inclined from the perpendicular to the plane of 

the earth's orbit ? 10 



58 UXIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

CIVIL GOVf:RNMENT. 

1. Name the three departments of the United States government and state of wliat each 

is composed. 30 

2. What is the term of office of the President of the United States? Of United States 

Senators? 10' 

3. AVhat are the duties of assessors ? 10" 

4. Name five duties of tlie School Commissioner. 25 

5. Define State, county, townsliip, election district and school district. 25^ 

P. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a letter to your commissioner, embodying in it a statement of (a) your present 
grade of certificate, (6) the grade you are aiming to secure, (c) the district where 
you are now teaching, (d) the name of the trustee or trustees, (e) where you were 
educated, using not less than one hundred words. 75 

Note. — For general excellence of all papers submitted with reference to neatness, 
order and punctuation. 25- 

GRAMMAR. 

" If we retrench the wages of the schoolmaster, we must raise those of the recruiting- 
sergeant." Edwarli Everett. 

1. Write out a complete analysis of the above extract, using any system familiar to you. 10 

2. Parse I/and recruiting-sergeanL 

3. Decline we. 

4. Give the four principal parts of the verbs compel, freeze, see, lie and lay. 10 

5. Give a synopsis (first person, singular number) of the verb he, in the potential mode. 10 

6. Write an interrogative sentence or sentences containing : 

CL A phrase modifying the subject. 

b. A compound relative pronoun, 

c. A pronoun in the possessive case, 

d. A verb in the subjunctive mode. Underscore the parts required. 10 

7. Give the plurals of money, chimney, valley, duty and Henry. 10 

8. Write three nouns which have no plural, and two which have no singular. 10 

9. Define etymology and syntax. 10 
10. Write one or more declarative sentences containing all the eight parts of speech; un- 

deiscore words representing the several parts of speech. 10 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. What organs secrete (a) the saliva, (6) the gastric juice, (c) the bile, (d) the pancreatic 

juice ? 20 

2. A child is less liable to break a bone than an old person. Why ? 20 

3. Tell the use of (a) the heart, (6) the stomaoli, (c) the capillaries, (d) the trachea. 20 

4. Give two reasons why a frequent ciiange of air in a school room is specially important. 20 

5. Name three kinds of teeth in each jaw. 20 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 59 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. What prominent events are associated with the following dates: 1775, 1781,1787, 

1861, and 1865? 25 

2. Between what two cities was the first telegraph line built ? By whom ? 15 

3. What was the Nullification Act of 1832 ? What State passed that act ? Who was 

President then ? 15 

4. Name the last five regularly-elected Presidents and Vice-Presidents. 25 

5. Where, when, and under what circumstances did General Grant die ? Where was he 

buried ? 20 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. When will occur the next regular election of (a) school trustees, (6) school commis- 

sioners, (c)Governor of this State, and (d) State Senators for this State ? 20 

2. What Commission has just completed its labors at Washington ? Why was this com- 

mission made necessary ? 20 

3. What is meant by industrial education as connected with public education ? 20 

4. Give a short account of the " Female Suffrage " movement, mentioning some of the 

leaders and some of the points already gained for it. 20 

5. What are the duties of a stenographer ? 20 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR MARCH, i888. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. MCCXLIX. 

2. Divide the product by the given number and the quotient will be the other number 

Reason, — The product was produced by multiplying together these two numbers. 

3. Rejecting equal factors from numbers sustaining to each other the relation of dividend and 

divisor. To shorten divisions by rejecting equal factors. 

A 513 — 99 I 

5. Phelps & Co., 

To Barber & Perkins, Dr. 

To 15 reams paper @, $4 , $60 00 

'• 20 M envelopes @ $2.70 54 00 

1114 00 

Eec'd Payment, - 

Barber & Perkins. 

6. 248 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 8 in. 

7. 35^ 

8. $37,525 

9. 688.07+ 
10. $108,845. 



60 UNIFORM EX A MINA TION Q UESTIONS 

GEOGKAPHY. 

1. (a) New York on New York Upper Bay; (6) Albany on the Hudson River; (c) Oneida 

in the Central part of the State ; (d) Long Island, in the S. E. part of the State ; (e) Mt. 
Marcy, in the Adirondacks. 

2. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, and any two of the following rivers: Niagara, St. 

Lawrence, Poulteny, Hudson and Delaware. 

3. On the north by Idalio and Wyoming ; east by Idaho and Colarado ; south by Arizona ; 

west by Nevada. 

4. Alaska, Arizona, Dakoto, Idaho, Indian, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Washington and 

Wyoming. 

5. A series of mountains. 

6. (o) On the borders of France and Spain ; (6) On tlie borders of France, Germany and 

Italy ; (c) On the borders of Russia and Siberia ; (d) On the bordere of Norway and 
Sweden ; (e) On the borders of Russia, Persia, and Turkey, in Asia. 

7. Latitude, elevation, and inclination of earth's axis, and gulf stream. 

8. At the equinoxes, March 21, and September 2.3. Because then the sun is verticle at the 

equator. 
9 The diameter on which the earth turns. A straight line tlirough the center of the earth 
from surface to surface. The distance around the earth. The ends of the earth's axis. 
A great circle passing around the earth midway between the poles. 
10. 23 i degrees. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Legislative (Congress). Executive (President). Judicial (Supreme Court and such in- 

ferior Courts as Congress may establish). 

2. 4 years. 6 years. 

3. To estimate the value of taxable property. 

4. Any five of the following : To visit and examine schools ; to recommend changes in the 

course of study ; to condemn school buildings ; to direct trustees to abate nuisances; to 
direct trustees to make necessary alterations or repairs (not to exceed $200) ; to examine 
teacliers ; to Iiold institutes; to examine charges affecting moral character of teachers; 
to report to State Superintendent. 
6. A State is a community of persons, living within certain limits of territory, under one Gov- 
ernment ; a county is one of tlie direct sub-divisions of a State; a township is one of the 
direct sub-divisions of a county; an election district is a portion of a township set apart 
for election purposes; a school district is one of the divisions of a township set apart for 
school pur[)oses. 

COMPOSITION. 

(These answers cannot be foreseen.) 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 



61 



GRAMMAR. 



If is a conjunction connecting the clauses. Recruiting-Sergeant is a noun, common, com- 
pound, third person, singular number, masculine gender, objective case, and object of 
preposition of. 



Nom. 

Poss. 

Obj. 
Ind. Pres 
Compel, 
Freeze, 
See, 
Lie, 
Lay, 



Singular. 

I, 

my, mine, 
me, 



Ind Past. 

compelled, 

froze, 

saw, 

lay, 

laid. 



Plural. 
we. 
our. 
us. 
Part Pres. 
compelling, 
freezing, 
seeing, 
lying, 
laying. 



Part Past. 

compelled. 

frozen. 

seen. 

lain. 

laid. 



I may be, I might be, I may have been, I might have been. 



7. Moneys, chimneys, valleys, duties, and the Henrys. 

8. Gold, pride, courage, idleness, cohesion, architecture, rhetoric, bronchitis, meekness, etc., 

have no plural ; assets, suds, scissors, tongs, billiards, breeches, trowsers, oats, fireworks, 
vespers, goods, cattle, ides, embers, literati, etc., have no singular. 

9. Etymology treats of the different parts of speech, their classification and modifications. 

Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, government, and arrangement of woi'ds in sen- 
tences 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. (a) Salivary glands ; (6) stomach ; (c) liver; (d) pancreas. 

2. A child's bones contain a smaller proportion of lime and are not so brittle. 

3. (a) It is the central organ of the circulation, and drives the blood to all parts of 'the body. 

(6) In it the gastric juice dissolves the albumen, gluten, and fibrine of foods, and makes 
them fit to enter the blood, (e) They connect the arteries and veins, (d) It carries air 
into the lungs. 

4. Large number of persons present, many dirty bodies, and dirty clothing, much chalk and 

other dust, etc. 

5. The four cutting teeth in each jaw are called incisors. The pointed teeth next back of the 

incisors are called cuspids. The next back of the cuspids are the bicuspids. The back 
teeth are called molars. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Battle of Lexington ; surrender of Cornwallis ; adoption of the Constitution ; attack on Fort 

Sumter ; Lee's surrender. 

2. Baltimore and Washington ; Prof. Morse. 



62 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

3. The i^eople of South Carolina refused to pay duties on foreign goods; South Carolina; An- 

drew Jackson. 

4. Lincoln and Johnson, Grant and Colfax, Hayes and Wheeler, Garfield and Arthur, Cleve- 

land and Hendricks. 

5. On Mt. McGregor, July, 1885, of cancer of the throat ; at Kiverside Park. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. (a) On the last Tuesday of August next. (6) At the general election of 1890. (c) At the 

next general election, {d) At the general election of 1889. 

2. The Fisheries Commission. Disputes as to the respective rights of Canada and the United 

States on the tishing grounds of the North Atlantic coast. 

3. The introduction of teaching to train the hand and the eye, with a view to practical appli- 

cation in life work. 
4.* 
5. By short-hand to write from dictation and afterward transcribe the matter, or reproduce it 

in Roman letters by a tyi)e-writer. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, APRIL 7, 1888. 

Second and Third Grades. 
A. M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

(In the solution of problems, indicate every process.) 

1. Write in words, 10 

9,014,008. 
800,079. 
Write in figures. 

Six billion, four million, forty-eight thousand, nine hundred sixty. 
Four million, seventy -five. 
Nine hundred thousand, six. 

2. Divide 96 ten-thousandths by 384 hundred-niillionths. 10 

3. Goods marked $1.50 are sold at a discount of 40 per cent. What is the selling price ? 10 

4. John Smith bought of Clark & Jones, 

4 lb. 13 oz. beefsteak, @ 21 cents per lb. 
12 lb. bacon @, 12i cents. 

Make a properly receipted bill of the above, dated at the time and place of this 
examination. 

5. A rectangular tank is 5 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 2 feet deep. How many gallons of 

water will it hold ? 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 63 

6. A man has a field of wheat containing 25 acres, which are 5 per cent of his whole farm. 

How many acres in his farm ? 10 

7. Sold a horse for $240, thereby losing 20 per cent. Kequired the cost. 10 

8. A square piece of land contains 538,756 square rods. What is the length of one sid e ? 10 

9. A pile of 4-foot wood is 16 feet long and 6 feet high. Kequired the cost at $5.50 

per cord. 10 

10. What is the interest on $680.43 for 4 mo. and 12 da. at SJ per cent. 10 

GEOGRAPHY. 10 

1. Define great circles, meridians and polar circles. 10 

2. What are tlie trade winds ? 10 

3. Bound Dakota. 10 

4. Describe the Kiver Rhine. 10 

5. Locate St. Petersburg and Naples. 10 

6. Locate Pittsburg and Memphis. ' 10 

7. Describe the James River. 10 

8. Mention ten cities of this state, stating the county in which each is located. 10 

9. Where is Madagascar ? 10 
10. What lake is the source of the Susquehanna River. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Mention five State officers of this State who are elected by the people. 10 

2. By what means may a village become a city ? 10 

3. Conviction requires how many votes of a trial jury ? 10 

4. By whom are Governors of Territories chosen? 10 

5. Name the Member of Assembly from your district. 10 

6. Name the State Senator representing your district. 10 

7. Name the counties composing the Senatorial district. 10 

8. Name your Representative in Congress. 10 

9. Name the counties composing the Congressional district. 10 
10. How many days are allowed the Governor to consider a bill, while the Legislature is 

in session ? 10 



To be supplied by the Commissioner. 



64 USIFOIiM EX A MIX A TIOX Q UESTIOXS 

P. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a short letter to your Scliool Commissioner, telling him what school you wish 

or expect to teach. 25 

2. Write a short account of the Pilgrims in accordance witli the following analysis: (a) 

Cause of leaving their own country ; (6) whence they sailed ; (c) the voyage ; (d) the 
landing; (e) life in the New World. 50 

For general excellence of all papers submitted, witli reference to neatness, order and 
punctuation. 25 

GRAMMAR. 

Listen, my children, and you shall hear 

Of the midniglit ride of Paul Plevere, 

On the eighteenth day of April in seventy-five ; 

Hardly a man is now alive 

Wiio remembers that famous day and year. 

The first six questions have reference to the above selection. 

1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses ? 10 

2. Name the predicate or predicates of the subordinate clause or clauses. 10 

3. What are the three modifiers of ??u(7i .^ 10 

4. Give the syntax (case and why), of children. 10 

5. The relation of what words is shown by on. ^ 10 

6. Give the mode of each verb. 10 

7. What are the feminines of hero, giant, testator. Czar, Joseph f 10 

8. Change the following to a sentence having a principal and adverbial clause : 

Troy being taken by the Greeks, ^Eneas came to Italy. 10 

9. Decline the personal pronoun of the second person. 10 
10. Write one or more sentences, illustrating the use of that as a (a) pronoun, (6) adjec- 
tive, (c) conjunction. 10 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. What are the four divisions of the human heart ? 20 

2. What causes the arm to move at will ? 20 

3. State two reasons why too rapid eating causes indigestion. 20 

4. AVhat effect luis alcohol on tiie temperature of the body ? 20 

5. What is the usual temperature of the human body? What should be the temperature 

of a school room ? 20 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 65 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. What was the Stamp A.ct ? 20 

2. Who were the respective commanders at the bg,ttle of Gettysburg? la what State 

was it fought ? 20 

3. In what two wars was George Washington a distinguished participant ? 20 
1. For what act is Benedict Arnold's name execrated ? 20 
5. What was the Missouri Compromise ? 20 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Give the names of two persons who were candidates for the office of Secretary of State 

at our last State election. 10 

2. Who was elected United States Senator from New York in 1887? Whom did he 

succeed ? 10 

3. Name one of the Justices of the Supreme Court in your Judicial district. 10 

4. Name five leading daily newspapers published in New York city. 10 

5. What two important State officers are to be chosen this year in this State. 10 

6. What prominent gentleman has recently announced that he is not a candidate for the 

Presidential nomination ? 10 

7. What prominent American jurist has recently died? (5) What office did he hold ? (5) 10 

8. Who is the President of the New York Central Railroad ? 10 

9. What European monarch has recently died ? 10 
LO. Name the Republican and Democratic candidates for President at the last three presi- 
dential elections. 10 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR APRIL 7, 1888. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Nine million, fourteen thousand, eight. 

Eight hundred thousand, seventy-nine. 
6,004,048,960. 
4,000,075. 
900,006. 

2. 2,500. 

3. 90 cents. 

4. $2.51. Ordinary form of bill. 

5. 149.6 gallons. 

6. 500 acres. 
7. 



734 rods. 
116.50. 

$13.72. 



66 VNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. See any ordinary geography. 

2. Winds in the torrid zone, and often a little beyond it, which blow from the same quar- 

ter throughout the year unless affected by local causes. 

3. North by Canada; east by Minnesota and Iowa; south by Nebraska; west by Wyoming 

and Montana. 

4. The Khine rises in Switzerland, flows in general, north-west, and empties into the North 

Sea. 

5. St. Petersburg is in the western part of Russia, on the Gulf of Finland. 

Naples is in southern Italy, on the Bay of Naples, a part of the Mediterranean Sea. 

6. Pittsburgh is in the western part of Pennsylvania, at the junction of the Alleghany and 

the Monongahela Eivers. 

Memphis is in the south-western part of Tennessee, on the Mississippi river. 

7. The James river rises in the south-western part of Virginia, flows generally east, and emp- 

ties into Chesapeake Bay. 

8. No definite answer can be given here. 

9. Madagascar is east of southern Africa, in the Indian Ocean. 
10. Otsego. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Comptroller, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Attorney- 

General, Engineer and Surveyor. 

2. By an act of the Legislature. 

3. Twelve— all of them. 

4. Governors of territories are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate ; the 

members of territorial legislatures are elected by the people of the territories. 

5. 6, 7, 8, and 9. Answers will diflfer according to locality. 
10. 10 days. 

COMPOSITION. 

Obviously no answers can be given here. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. You ; you ; man. 

2. Remembers. 

3. Adjectives, a and alive, and the adjective (relative) clause, who remembers. 

4. Nominative independent by direct address. 
0. Ride — day. 

6. Listen is in the imperative mode; shall hear, is and remembers are in the indicative mode. 

7. Heroine, giantess, testatrix, czarina, Josephine. 

8. When Troy had been taken by the Greeks, ^Eneas came into Italy. 

9. See a school grammar. 

10. Example: Give me the book that lies on that table, that I may read it. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 67 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Right auricle, right ventricle. Left auricle, left ventricle. 

2. The contraction of a muscle, by a nervous impulse sent from the brain. 

3. From imperfect mastication, (a) sufficient saliva is not mingled with the food ; (6) the food 

presents too little surface for the action of the gastric juices of the stomach. 

4. The temperature is at first raised above normal temperature, then lowered below. 

5. 98J. From 68° to 70°. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. An Act of Parliament compelling the people of the American Colonies to buy government 

stamps and place them on legal papers. 

2. Gen. Meade, Union ; Gen. Lee, Confederate. Pennsylvania. 

3. The French and Indian War of 1755 ; Revolutionary War. 

4. His traitorous negotiation with Sir Henry Clinton to surrender West Point to the British. 

5. An Act of Congress which provided that Missouri should come into the Union as a slave 

State, and that thereafter slavery should be forever prohibited north of 36° 30''. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Frederick Cook; Frederick D. Grant ; Henry George. (Either two of the three.) 
. 2. Frank Hiscock ; Warner Miller. 

3. Answers will differ according to locality. 

4. World, Tribune, Herald, Times, Sun, Post, Telegram, Star, Mail and Express, Press, Com- 

mercial Advertiser, Staats Zeitung. 

5. Governor and Lieutenant Governor. 

6. James G. Blaine. 

7. Morrison R. Waite, Chief Justice. 

8. Chauncey M. Depew. 

9. Emperor William of Germany. 

10. 1876 : Hayes, Tilden ; 1880 : Garfield, Hancock ; 1884 : Blaine, Cleveland. 



68 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, MAY 4 and 5, 1888. 

First Grade, Friday, May 4. 

A, M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

(In the solution of problems, indicate every process.) 

1. To 3f add 51 ; from the sum subtract 4yV ; multiply the remainder by li ; divide 18 

by the product. 10 

2. If ^ of 9 bushels of wheat cost S^13.}, what will g of a bushel cost ? 10 

3. From a unil of tlie third order sublract the sum of .371 and sixty-five ten-thousandths, 

multiply the remainder by three-tenths, and divide the product by 5 millionths. 10 

4. Reduce 7 cwt. 28 lb. 4 oz. to the decimal of a ton. 10 

5. How many pounds of cotton at 11^ cents per pound can a broker buy for |9,225, and 

retain his connnission at 2^ per cent. ? 10 

6. Kecpiired the exact interest of $926 from January 3 to June 11, 1887, at 6 per cent. 

per annum. 10 

7. Find the square root of 3, to three decimal places. 10 

8. At 125 per M., what is the cost of 7 boards, 15 ft. long and 16 in. wide ? 10 

9. In the fraction | what is the fractional unit ? Tlie unit of the fraction ? 10 
10. If hay sells for $14 a ton at a loss of 2h per cent., what should it sell for to gain 15 

I>er cent. ? 10 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. What parallels of latitude form parts of the boundaries of New York State ? 

2. Give the political boundaries of Iowa. 

3. Name and locate the great English seaport for trade with the United States. 

4. What tfwo countries of Europe are republics ? 

5. Name tlie largest three rivers of Africa. 

6. What are the dikes of Holland? Why were they built? 

7. Where are the Hebrides Islands ? To what country do they belong ? 

8. What and where is the Saragossa Sea ? 

9. What is Standard Time ? 
10. Why is a degree of longitude at Albany shorter than a degree of latitude at the same 

place ? 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is meant by impeachment? 

2. Wiiere does the sole power of impeachment reside in the Government of the United 

States ? 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 69 

3. What is a mayor ? What is a common council ? 10 

4. What advantage would be supposed to follow from having the legislative department 

of a government consist of two brandies or bodies instead of one ? 10 

5. What qualification is prescribed by the Constitution for voters for members of Con- 

gress ? 10 

6. How often is there a new Congress ? 10 

7. How may a foreigner become a citizen ? 10 

8. What is an indirect tax ? Give an example. 10 

9. Name one privilege that a territorial representative iu Congress is allowed and one 

that he is denied. 
10. How many congressional districts are there in this State ? 10 

P. m:. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a reply to a letter from your commissioner asking you to name the text-books in 
Arithmetic, Geography and Physiology which you would recommend for a school 
of your grade, and to state fully your reasons for each recommendation. 

Correctness and appropriateness of language. 25 

Correctness in form and general appearance. 25 

Correctness in punctuation and use of capitals. 25 

For remaining 25 per cent, see Regulations. (General Appearance of all papers.) 

GKAMMAB. 

Most sweet it is with uplifted eyes, 

To pace the ground, if path there be or none ; 
While a fair region round the traveler lies, 

Which he forbears again to look upon. 

1. Write list of the clauses in the above selection, classifying them as principal or subordi- 

nate. 10 

Note. — In naming clauses, it is sufficient to include only simple subjects and simple 
predicates. 

2. State what each subordinate clause modifies. 1 

3. Give four modifiers of to pace, including its object as one. 10 

4. Parse to pace. 10 

5. Give syntax (case and why) of path and which. 10 

6. What is the object of forbears ? Parse round. ■ 10 

7. Give an example of a participle taking an object, and being itself the object of a prepo- 

sition. 10 

8. Illustrate the use of an adverb modifying a phrase (preposition and its object). 10 

9. In the sentence, " He sent his son home that way," give the syntax of home and v:uy. 10 
10. Give syntax of him and man in the sentence : " I believe him to be a man wanting in 

veracity." 10 



70 UNIFORM EX A MIX ATIOX QUESTIONS 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Define Anatomy, Physiology, Hygiene. 10 

2. What provision h:is nature made for reducing the temperature of the body and so pre- 

venting it from Ijecoming excessively heated ? 10 

3. How may an habitually stooping posture injure the health ? 10 

4. Describe the manner in which the bones of the skull are generally united. 10 

5. Of what three parts is the cerebro-spinal system of nerves composed ? 10 

6. AVhat are bronchial tubes ? 10 

7. Describe the corpuscles of the blood. What is the effect of alcohol upon them ? 10 

8. Which two of the special senses does the tongue possess in a liigh degree of perfection ? 

Are the nervous fibres near the surface of the tongue numerous or few ? 10 

9. Of what part of the skin are the hair and nails a part or modification? 10 
10. Where is tlie cordiac orifice ? Where is the pylorus ? 10 

First Grade, Saturday, May 5. 
A. M. 

AMERICAN HISTORY'. 

1. During what war was Braddock's defeat ? Where ? 10 

2. Mention two things for which Benjamin Franklin is noted. 10 

3. In what citv and in what building was the Declaration of Independence signed? 10 

4. Who were the Hessians who took part in the Kevolutionary War? How came they 

here? 10 

5. For what is each of the following especially remembered : John Paul Jones ? Gen- 

eral Anthony Wayne? 10 

6. Who was the hero of " Lundy's Lane '' ? Of what war was that a battle ? 10 

7. Who was President of the United States during the war of 1812? The Mexican 

War? 10 

8. Mention two noted Anti-Slavery agitators in the United States. 10 

9. Where and for what was John Brown executed ? 10 
10. What is meant by the " Centennial year " ? What event was specially celebrated ? 10 



1. Subtract — 2a from 5a, and explain the process. 10 

2. Reduce 3.'-|-^~ . ' to an improper fraction. ,^ 

3. In general what is the effect of a minus sign before a dividing line when we clear of 

fractions? 10 

4. Resolve rt6/- — aby- into its prime factors. 10 

5. State the methods of eliminating one of two unknown quantities by comparison. 10 

6. By the above method find the values of/ and y in the quotients 

4r — 33/ r= a, and 5/ -|- 4?/ = 6. 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 71 

7. Find two numbers, such that if J of the greater be added to ^ of the less, the sum will 

be 13 ; and if i- of the less be subtracted from ^ of the greater, the remainder will be 
nothing. 10 

8. Expand {2a-\-b)^ by the binomial theorem. 10 
9 and 10. Make and reduce an aifected quadratic equation, to illustrate one method of 

completing the square in order to find the values of the unknown quantity. 20 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. What is an invoice book ? 10 

August 1, 1888. Cash on hand, $261.35 ; received for petty sales, $86.76; re- 
ceived of John Rich on account, $37.50 ; paid store rent, $60 ; received for Wm. 
Seeley's note, $203.72 ; paid express charges, 90 cents ; paid Enz & Miller on ac- 
count, $119.65. 

2. Rule a form of cash book. 10 

3. Enter the foregoing statement. . 10 

4. Balance the account. 10 

5. A merchant buys goods to the amount of $516.30, and gives his note in payment. Is 

the transaction a matter of account ? Why ? 10 

6. Draw check on the First National Bank of Albany for fifty dollars, payable to the 

order of Howard Finch. 10 

August 1, 1888, J. H. Osgood & Co., of Buffalo, N. Y., sold Mrs. C. K. Mills 18 
yards of silk at $1.70 per yard, 2^ dozen buttons at 80 cents per dozen, 32 yards of 
carpet at 83 cents per yard, and 3 pairs of window curtains at $3.25 per pair. 
7-8. Make bill of sale to Mrs. Mills, using proper abbreviations. 20 

9. Receipt the bill for the firm. 10 

10. A pays for a bill of goods by note at 60 days, dated July 7, 1888. Find when the note 

becomes due. 10 

P. M. 

SCHOOL liAW. 

1. How can a common school district change from three trustees to one ? 20 

2. (a) What ofl[icers apportion the public moneys among the school districts ? 

(6) Upon what officer does the trustee draw orders to pay teachers that money ? 20 

3. For what officers may women vote in this State ? 20 

4. For what term of office is a sole trustee elected ? The several trustees, when a district 

changes from one trustee to three ? Each of three trustees after a first election of 
three trustees by a district? 20 

5. What is the ruling of the Department of Public Instruction in regard to the teacher's 

authority over pupils on the way to and from school ? 20 



72 UNIFORM EXAMiyATIOX QUESTIONS 

PHYSICS. 

1. Why are iron tires heated before they are placed on wagon wheels? 10 

2. Describe some simple means of developing electricity. 10 

3. Define malleability and ductility. 10 

4. What degrees on a Fahrenheit thermometer indicate the freezing and boiling of 

water? 10 

5. Why will the fiost disap|)ear from frozen ground when it has been covered with deep 

snow for several weeks? 10 

6. In what form will iron resist the greatest pressure exerted in a direction tending to 

break it? 10 

7. What causes the oil to rise in a lamp wick ? 10 

8. Why are we not crushed by the enormous weight of the air? 10 

9. Why are different sensations experienced on touching a piece of wood and a piece of 

iron, each having had equal exposure to the heat ? 10 

10. What is meant by the center of gravity ? 10 



1. In subtracting 27 from 63, how would you explain the reason for each step? 10 

2. Do you think it advisable to use diagrams in teaching tiie analysis of English sen- 

tences? Give reasons for your opinion. 10 

3. Give one rule that ought to be observed by all teachers in framing questions on sub- 

jects they are teaching. Give the reason for the rule. 10 

4. Describe your method of explaining and illustrating how the diurnal revolution of 

the earth produces the apparent daily motion of the sun. 10 

5. Give a good method of conducting a spelling exercise, stating the number of words in 

the lesson, the manner in which the pupils spell, and the manner of criticising and 

correcting the work. 10 

5. Write a short sentence and describe your method of teaching beginners in analysis, 

what is the subject and why, and what is the predicate and why. 10 

7. Describe the manner in which you would teach a child the cardinal points of the 

compass. 10 

3. When it is noon on the first meridian, it is 8 o'clock A. M. at longitude °60 west. 

How would you make that plain to a pupil? 10 

9. What is a topical analysis ? 10 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Name six places in this State at which State Normal Schools are located. 10 

2. How many members has the United States Senate ? 10 

3. Where is the burial place of U. S. Grant ? 10 

4. How has " rapid transit " been obtained in the City of New York ? 10 

5. Upon what date does Decoration Day occur? 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 73 

6. Name three of the leading literary magazines of the present day. 10 

7. Name and locate three colleges or universities of this state. 10 

8. State something of interest relating to the Hoyal family of Germany. 10 

9. Who is now Mayor of the City of New York ? 10 
10. What is meant by the " Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers ? " 10 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR MAY 4 AND 5, 1888. 
First Grade. 

. ARITHMETIC. 

1. 2^. 

2. $1.25. 

3. 5,977,350. 

4. .364,125 T. 

5. 80,000 lbs. 

6. $24.20. 

7. 1.732+. 
, 8. $3.50. 

9. The fractional unit is ^. The unit of the fraction is 1. 
10. $18.40 per ton. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. 42° and 45°. 

2. It is bounded north by Minnesota, east by Wisconsin and Illinois, south by Missouri, and 

west by Nebraska and Dakota. 

3. Liverpool, on the Mersey, in the northwestern part of England. 

4. France and Switzerland. 

5. Nile, Niger, and Congo. 

6. High embankments. They were built to i-eclaim land wliich had been overflowed by the 

ocean. 

7. They are northwest of the mainland of Scotland, and belong to that country. 

8. A grassy sea in the Atlantic ocean, west of the northern part of Africa. 

9. Time as reckoned from the 60th, 75th, 90th, 105, and 120 degrees of west longitude. 

10. Owing to the gradual approach to each other of the meridians, in the latitude of Albany, 
the degrees of longitude are much shorter, while latitude is reckoned from parallel to 
parallel, and the degrees remain of the same length. 



74 UNIFORM EX A MIX ATIOy QUESTIOXS 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. An accusation against a public officer, charging him witli crime or misdemeanor. 

2. In the House of Representatives. 

3. The chief executive officer of a city. Tlie Legislative body of a city. 

4. One body ought to be a check upon the other and so prevent imwise or hasty legislation. 

5. They must be entitled to vote for the most numerous branch of the State Legislature 

where they reside. 

6. Once in every two years. 

7. By residence in this country and naturalization. 

8. A tax on articles consumed, but not collected directly from the consumer, e. g., A duty on 

sugar. 

9. He is allowed to speak, but not to vote. 
10. Thirty-four. 

COMPOSITION. 

No answer can be given. 



GRAMMAR. 

L Sweet it is, principal. 

f a, If path be, adverbial. 
Subordinite -! ^' (^^'^'^''^ be) none, adverbial, (don't insist on this). 
' 1 c, Wliile region lies, adverbial. 
[ (/, Which he forbears, adjective. 

2. Clauses marked (a) (6) (c) modify the verb to pace. 

[d) modifies region. 

3. Object ground; abjective, sifeei; the first three subordinate clauses above stated. 

4. Verb, principal parts, pace, paced, pacing, paced, regular, transitive, active voice, infinitive 

mode, present tense, used like a noun, and in apposition with it nominative case. (Some 
would say, subject of I'.s, and represented by the redundant word, it. ) 

5. Path, nominative, subject of 6e, luhich, objective, object of upon. 

6. The infinite to look ; round, preposition showing relation between its object, traveler and the ' 

verb, lies. 

7. He is engaged in writing letters. 

8. The leaves fell only in the morning. 

9. Home and way, objective, object of prepositions not expressed ; it would be allowetl to say 

that home is used as an adverb, modifying the verb. 
10. Him is the subject of the infirmative to be, and is in the objective case, man is a predicate 
noun (attribute) and agrees with the subject him, in the objective case. (Other con- 
structions are found in the grammars.) 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 75 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Anatomy is a science which treats of the structure of the body ; physiology, of the func- 

tions of the various organs ; and hygiene, of the laws of health. 

2. Perspiration. 

3. It may cramp the vital organs, and curve the spine. 

4. By sutures, or irregular edges. 

5 The brain, the spinal cord, and the spinal nerve. 

6. The tubes branching off from the windpipe into the lungs. 

7. They are very minute, disc-shaped bodies of a red color ; they are shrunken by alcohol, 

and rendered incapable of doing their work. 

8. Touch and taste. The nerves, there, are very numerous. 

9. Of the cuticle. 

10. At the junction of ossophagus and stomach. At the junction of duodenum or small in- 
testine with the stomach. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. French and Indian war. In Western Pennsylvania. 

2. Answers will vary. 

3. Philadelphia. Independence Hall. 

4. Natives of Hesse-Cassel. They were hired by the British Government to fight against the 

American colonists. 

5. For naval victories during the Revolutionary war. For the capture of Stony Point. 

6. General Winfield Scott. War of 1812. 

7. James Madison. James K. Polk. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. In Virginia. For making an unlawful attack upon Harper's Ferry. 
10. 1876. The 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. 



1. 7a. Explanations will vary. 
2 8a- +19 
3 

3. All the signs in the numerator of the fraction must be changed. 

4. ab (a- + 3) {x—z). 

5. Find the value of the same unknown quantity in terms of the other in each equation ; place 

these values equal to each other and reduce. 

Q. x = ^1±^ ■ x= ^-^^ ; from which, x= 1^±^. y= i^H^. 
4 ' 5 ' ' 31 ^ 31 

7. a;=18, and2/ = 12. 

8. 8a'^ + 12a68 + 6a62 + 63, 

9 and 10. Examples and methods will vary. 



76 UXIFORM EXAMIXATIOX QUESTIONS 

1500K-KEEPING. 

1. An indexed book in which are entered (generally by pasting) tlie invoices (or bills) of 

goods purchased. 

2, 3, 4. See any approved forms. 

5. No. The creditor l>as accepted the note in payment. 

6, 7. See any approved form. 

8. Received Payment, J. H. Osgood & Co., per (name of person examined.) 

9, September 8, 1888. 

SCHOOL LAAV. 

1. By adopting at an annual meeting, by a majority vote, a resolution that the district change 

from three trustee to one, and afterward dispensing with the election of a trustee until 
the trustees then in office vacate their office by reason of expiration of term for which 
they were elected, or otherwise. 

2. (a) The School Commissioner, (b) Tlie Supervisor. 

3. School district officers. 

4. One year. One for one year, one for two years, and one for three years. Tliree years. 

5. The teacher has no legal control over the pupil before reaching the school premises, or 

after leaving them upon dismissal. 



1. They are made larger by heating from the expansion of the iron. 

2. Rub a hard rubber comb or a warm dry glass tube on a piece of woolen cloth ; it will be- 

come charged with electricity and will attract small bits of paper. Other illustrations 
may be given. 

3. Malleability is tiiat property of matter by virtue of which it may be hammered or rolled 

into thin sheets. Ductility is that property of matter by virtue of which it may be drawn 
into fine threads or wire. 

4. 3 2° and 212°. 

5. The snow is a very poor conductor of iieat and acts like a thick blanket, which retains 

the heat of the earth in sufficient amount to gradually thaw the frozen earth. 

6. In the form of a tube. 

7. Capillary attraction. 

8. The air presses equally in all directions and the internal pressure balances the external. 

9. The different conductivities of the two substances. 

10. That portion of a body which being sup()orted, the body is supported. 



The answers to the cpiestions on methods admit of so much variation that it would not be 
practicable to furnish the answers. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 77 

9 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Albany, Potsdam, Cortland, Oswego, Geneseo, Brockport, Buffalo, Fredonia, New Paltz. 

2. Seventy-Six. 

3. Eiverside Park, New York City. 

4. By means of elevated railroads, 

5. May 30th. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Answers will vary. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. Abram S. Hewitt. 

10. A secret organization of locomotive engineers whose object is mutual assistance and pro- 
tection for its members. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATIONS, SATURDAY, MAY s, i888. 

Second and Third Grades. 

A. M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

(In the solution of problems indicate every process.) 

1. Name in order, commencing at the left, the first five integral periods in Arabic nota- 

tion. 10 

2. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide are required to carpet a room 27 feet by 22 

feet 6 inches ? 10 

3. Find the cost of digging a cellar 30 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 5 feet deep, at 30 cents 

per cubic yard ? 10 

4. Define (a) common multiple ; (6) abstract number. 10 

5. How is the principal found when only time, rate, and interest are known? 10 

6. Express decimally 12^ per cent., f per cent., 12J per cent., ^ per cent., and -^-^ per 

cent. - 10 

7. A commission merchant after paying $2.26 for freight and cartage, and deducting his 

commission, remits me $22.22 as the net proceeds of a firkin of butter consigned to 
him. Find his commission at 4 per cent. 10 

8. Find the true discount of $350 for 1 year and 3 months and 18 days at 6 per cent, per 

annum. 10 

9. What is the difference in local time between two places, one of which is 14" 26^ west 

of St. Louis and the other 19° 19^ east ? 10 

10. Find the sum, the difference, and the product of 3f and f. 10 



78 UXirORM EXAMISATJON QUESTIOSS 

(;p:o(iKAi'HY. 

1. Name the " Great Lakes " and tlie outlet of each. 10 

2. On what waters would you travel from Pittsburgh to Kansas City? 10 

3. In what part of the State of New York are the following counties, viz. : Essex, 

Rockland, Greene, Orleans, and Chautauqua? 10 

4. Name the largest city of Ohio. Of Missouri. Of Pennsylvania. Of the world. 10 

5. Name and locate a lake of New York that belongs to the Mississippi River System. 10 

6. Name the (Julf States in order from east to west. 10 

7. Locate Dublin and Tokio. 10 

8. What are meridians, and what is their use? 10 

9. Until what time will the days in this latitude grow longer? 10 
10. What bodies of water are separated by («) the Isthmus of Panama? (6) the Istlunus 

of Suez? 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. In what way does the Constitution provide that the smaller States shall have a larger 

influence in the legislative branch of our government, in proportion to their popu- 
lation, than the larger States ? 10 

2. What body has the power to try an impeachment of a United States officer ? 10 

3. How often does Congress assemble? When ? 10 

4. Why is the power to coin money vested in Congress rather than in the Legislatures 

of the States? 10 

5. Why does the government grant patents and copyrights ? 10 

6. Where is the power to declare war vested ? 10 

7. What is the electoral college ? 10 

8. When will the term of President Cleveland's successor commence ? 10 

9. Name two qualifications, prescribed by the Constitution for eligibility to the office of 

President of the United States. 10 

10. When is a person said to be " admitted to bail" ? 10 

READING. 

To be supplied by the commissioner. 

P. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a description of the school-house where you taught last, or, if you have not 
taught, where you last attended school. 

Let your description be brief, and let it embrace these points : The size of the 
building, its material, its seating capacity, its general condition of repair, its hygienic 
qualities— such as location, means of heating and ventilation, provisions for light, 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 79 

etc., — its facilities for teaching— such as blackboards and other apparatus, — and sug- 
gestions for improvements. 

Correctness and appropriateness of language, 25 

Correctness in form and general appearance. 25 

Correctness in punctuation and use of capitals. 25 

For remaining 25 per cent, see Regulations. General ifppearance of all papers. 

GRAMMAR. 

Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's close, 

Up yonder hill the village murmur rose. 

There as I passed with careless steps and slow, 

The mingling notes came softened from below. — Goldsmith. 

Note. — The first four questions have reference to the above selection. 

1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses ? What are the simple predi- 

cates of the subordinate clauses ? 10 

2. Give three modifiers of came. 10 

3. Mention two adverbs, and state what they modify. 10 

4. Select five adjectives (including the) and state what they modify. 10 

5. Conjugate the verb forsake, in the passive voice, indicative mode, past perfect (plu- 

perfect) tense. 10 

6. Define a collective noun ; give two examples. 10 

7. What parts of speech may connect clauses ? Illustrate each by a sentence or sen- 

tences. 10 

8. Write a sentence containing a declarative and an interrogative clause. 10 

9. Write a sentence or sentences illustrating a phrase (preposition and its object) used 

(a) adjectively, (6) adverbially. 10 

LO. Illustrate by a sentence a clause used as attribute, i. e., like a noun in the predicate, 

forming with an intransitive verb a predicate. 10 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Describe the diaphragm. 10 

2. What is the pulse ? 10 

3. What is the pupil of the eye ? 10 

4. Name two reasons which a teacher might give pupils in advising them to bathe fre- 

quently. 10 

5. What would be good advice for a teacher ot hygiene to give in reference to the times 

for eating ? Give reasons for the advice. 10 

6. What gland secretes the bile ? . 10 

7. Describe the movement of the walls of the stomach when containing food. For what 

purpose is the movement ? 10 

8. What part of a bone is hardest ? 10 

9. What beneficial purpose is served by the readiness of the blood to coagulate ? 10 
10. Does alcohol impart heat to the body ? State some fact, which you have observed or 

which you have read, to prove your assertion. 10 



80 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Wliat European discovered tlie Mississippi Eiver? The Pacific Ocean, from the 

lieights of Darien ? 10 

2. After whom was this continent named ? Wiiy was it so named? 10 

3. State facts relating to Nathan Hale. To John Andre. 10 

4. For what was Robert Fulton noted ? Eli Wliitney. 10 

5. Who was the first candidate of the Republican party for President of the United 

States ? Who was first elected president by tliat party ? 10 

6. What European nation made the first settlements in the valley of the St. Lawrence ? 

In the valley of the Hudson 1 10 

7. Locate Fort Sumter ; Appomattox Court-House. 10 

8. Name four American generals that have been elected President of the United States. 10 

9. From what country did the United States purchase Alaska ? Florida ? 10 
10. What was the last great battle of tlie war of 1812 ? 10 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Name six places in this State at which State Normal Schools are located. 10 

2. How many members has the United States Senate ? 10 

3. Where is the burial place of General Ulysses S. Grant ? 10 

4. How has " Rapid Transit " been attained in the city of New York? 10 

5. Upon what date does Decoration Day occur ? 10 

6. Name three of the leading magazines of the present day. 10 

7. Name and locate three colleges or Universities of this State. 10 

8. State something of interest relating to the royal family of Germany. 10 

9. Who is now Mayor of the city of New York ? 10 
10. What is meant by the " Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers ?" 10 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR MAY 5, 1888. 
Second and Third Grades. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Trillions, billions, millions, tliousands, units (or ones). 

2. 90 yards. 

3. $25. 

4. (a) A number that is exactly divisible by each of two or more given numbers; (6) A 

number used without reference to objects or quantities, 
o. By dividing the known interest by the interest of one dollar for the given time, at the 
given rate. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 81 

6. .125; .0075; .24875; .0028; .0009375. 

7. $1.02. 

8. $25.32. 

9. 2 hr. 15 min. 

10. Sum, 4 29-72 ; difference, 2 61-72 ; product, 2 59-72. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Superior (Kiver St. Mary's), Michigan (Mackinaw Straits), Huron (St. Clair Eiver), Erie 

(Niagara River), Ontario (St. Lawrence Eiver). 

2. Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri Rivers. 

3. In the north-eastern part bordering on Lake Champlain. In the south-eastern part bor- 

dering on the Hudson River. In the eastern part bordering on the Hudson River. In 
the north-western part bordering on Lake Ontario. In the south-western part. 

4. Cincinnati. St. Louis. Philadelphia. London. 

5. Chautauqua. South-western part of the State. 

6. Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 

7. Ireland (Capital). Japan (Capital). 

8. Lines on the earth's surface extending from pole to pole. Used in reckoning longitude, 

or measuring distance from east to west, or vice versa. 

9. Until the 21st of June. 

10. (a) The Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. (6) The Mediterranean and Red Seas. 

CIVIIi GOVERNMENT. 

1. By providing that all the States shall have an equal delegation in the Senate. 

2. The Senate of the United States. 

3. Every year. On the first Monday in December. 

4. That the coins and standards may be uniform. 

5. To protect inventors and authors in their rights, and to encourage and stimulate men to 

make useful inventions and books. 

6. In Congress. 

7. It is the Presidential Electors when assembled in their respective States to cast their votes 

for President and Vice-President. 

8. It will commence on the 4th of March, 1889. 

9. He must be native born ; he must be 35 years old ; he must have resided 14 years in the 

United States. 
10. When an accused person is released from custody, surety being given for his appearance 
for trial. 

COMPOSITION. 

No answers can be furnished. 



82 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Subjects of principal clauses: sound; notes. Predicates of subordinate clauses: rose; 

passed. 

2. 1st, adverb, there; 2d, adverbial clause, as I passed ; 3d, adverbial plirase,/;-om below. 

3. Oft modifies tlie verb rose ; there modifies the verb came. 

4. Sweet modifies sound; the modifies sound, murmur, and notes; yonder modifies hill; village 

modifies murmur; careless and slotv modify steps; mingling modifies notes. 

5. I had been forsaken, thou hadst been forsaken, he had been forsaken, we bad been for- 

saken, you had been forsaken, they had been forsaken. 

6. A noun which in the singular number denotes more than one is called a collective noun. 

Examples: school, army. 

7. Conjunctions, relative pronouns and certain adverbs. (lUusti'ative sentences.) 

8. Example : He said. Will you go ? 

9. Example: A coin of great value was found in the street. 

10. His answer was " I irill go," or, the teacher's desire is that all should learn. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. It is a muscular partition separating the cavities of the chest and abdomen. 

2. It is the blood flowing through the arteries in wavelets caused by the pulsations of the 

heart. 

3. The small opening in the front part of the eye, through which the light passes in. 

4. (1) It produces cleanliness, which is desirable in itself. (2) It secures a healthful activity 

in the glands of the skin. 

5. Not more than four meals a day would be advisable. Meals should be regular. If a 

meal is taken just before going to bed, it ought to be a light one. The stomach, like 
other organs, needs regular periods of rest. The stomach, like other organs, needs to be 
at rest during sleep. 
'6. Tlie liver. 

7. Tlie muscles in the walls of the stomach, by successive contractions and relaxations, keep 

the food in constant motion, and, in this way, the digestive fluid becomes thoroughly 
mixed with the food. 

8. The outside. 

9. In case of wounds, the clotted blood stops further bleeding. 

10. No. It is related, on good authority, that Arctic explorers who use alcohol have less 
power of enduring the cold than those who abstain from its use. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. DeSoto. Balboa. 

2. Amerigo Vespucci. Because he visited the mainland, and called attention to his visit by 

writing an account of it, which was published. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 83 

Nathan Hale was an American who entered the British lines to secure information for 
Washington, was captured and executed as a spy by the British. John Andre was a 
British officer who was appointed to negotiate with Benedict Arnold for the betrayal of 
West Point into the hands of the British, and was captured and executed as a spy by 
the Americans. 

As the inventor of the first steamboat in America. As the inventor of the cotton gin. 

John C. Fremont. Abraham Lincoln. 

The French. The Dutch. 

Fort Sumter is on an island at the entrance to the harbor of Charleston, S. C. Appo- 
mattox Court House is in the southern central part of Virginia. 

Washington. Jackson. Taylor. Grant. Hayes. Garfield. (Any four ) 

Russia. Spain. 

The battle of New Orleans. 

* CTJKEENT TOPICS. 

Albany, Potsdam, Cortland, Oswego, Geneseo, Brockport, Buffalo, Fredonia, New Paltz. 
Seventy-six. 

Riverside Park, New York City. 
By means of elevated railroads. 
May 30th. 
Answers will vary. 
Answers will vary. 
Answers will vary. 
Abram S. Hewitt. 

A secret organization of locomotive engineers wliose object is mutual assistance and pro- 
tection for its members. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, JUNE, 1888. 

Second and Third Grades. 

A. IVI. 

ARITHMETIC. 

(In the solution of problems, indicate every process.) 

What was the value May 3, 1888, of a note for $125 and interest at 5 per cent per 

annum, made January 4, 1887 ? 10 

Express in words the number composed of 3 units of the tenth order, 8 of the ninth, 

5 of the seventh, and 4 of the third. 10 

Find the cost of 7 lb. 11 oz. of cheese at 13c per pound. 10 

At an election A and B were the candidates for Sheriff, and B received 1,211 majority. 

If the whole number of votes cast was 9,891, how many votes did each receive ? 10 



84 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

5. Keqnired tlie height of a tower tliat cast a shadow 21 ft. when under the same con- 

ditions of time and place a staff 10/t. liigli casts a shadow 23 in. 10 

6. Reduce /j^ ™'- ^^ integers of the lower denominations. 10 

7. Define (a) concrete number ; [b) denominate number ; (c) compound number. 10 

8. On wliat principal will the interest for 2 yr. 6 mo. 15 da., at 4 per cent, amount to 

$25.01 ? 10 

9. I have added 18 cows to my herd, thereby increasing its number 25 per cent. How 

many cows have I now ? 10 
10. Why does the value of a fraction remain unchanged when both terms are multiplied 

by the same number? 10 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name the five oceans in order of size. 10 

2. Bound the United States. 10 

3. Locate (o) Denver, (6) St. Paul, (c) St. Louis. 10 

4. Name (a) the city at the western terminus of the Erie canal, (6) at the eastern ter- 

minus. 10 

5. Mention three leading industries of this State, and state something of each. 10 

6. What is the capital of Spain ? Of Germany ? Of Russia ? 10 

7. Name three islands of the Mediterranean Sea. 10 

8. What island-kingdom east of China? 10 

9. What is the Gulf Stream ? 10 
10. Name a volcano (a) in Iceland ; (6) one in South America ; and (c) one in Sicily. 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Why do our National and State Constitutions provide that the terms ofoflSceofthe 

Chief Executives shall be brief? 10 

2. How long is the term of office of a United States Senator ? 10 

3. What is meant by " majority " and " plurality " in an election ? 10 

4. What is the name of the highest court in this State ? 10 

5. When do our presidential elections occur ? 10 

6. Which has tjie greatest influence in electing a President of the United States in pro- 

portion to poi)ulation. New York or Rhode Island ? Why ? 10 

7. Name the titles of the seven cabinet officers. 10 

8. Name some act, which, if committed, woiild be treason against the United States. 10 

9. Why does the Constitution of the United States require that bills for raising a revenue 

shall originate in the House of Representative ? 10 

10. Who is Commander-in-Chief of the military forces of this State? 10 



To be supplied by the Commissioner. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 85 

P. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

1. Write a composition, taking for your subject one of the following vegetable products of 
this State, describing the plant from which it is obtained, the manner of cultivating 
it, if it be a cultivated plant, the manner of preparing it for commerce, and adding 
any other matter of interest pertaining to the subject : Flour, maple sugar, lumber, 
potatoes, hay, malt. Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with 
reference to three points : 

(1). The matter, i. e., the thoughts it contains. 25 

(2). The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3). The orthography, punctuation, use of capitals and general appearance. 25 

(For remaining 25 per cent, see Regulations.) 

GRAMMAE. 

The Puritans brought to civil and military affairs a coolness of judgment and immutability of 
purpose which some writers have thought inconsistent with their religious zeal, but which were, 
in fact, the necessary effects of it. — Macaulay. 

Note. — The first five questions following have reference to the above selection. 

1 . Mention all the clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate 10 

Note. — -In naming clauses it is sufiicient to include only the simple subject and 
simple predicate. 

2. Give all the modifiers of immutability. 10 

3. Parse fully the second which. 10 

4. Give syntax (case and why) of effects. 10 

5. Under proper headings indicating the parts of speech, classify all of the words of the 

above extract. 10 

6. Write a sentence containing a noun in apposition with the object of a transitive verb. 10 

7. Write a sentence whose predicate is modified by an adverb, a phrase (preposition and 

its object) and a clause (subject and predicate). 10 

8. Write a sentence having a clause used as its subject. 10 

9. Write synopsis (first person, singular number) of the verb be in the indicative mode. 10 
10. By sentence or sentences illustrate the connection of clauses by three different parts of 

speech. 10 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. What are lacteals ? 10 

2. How is the redness of a drunkard's face caused ? 10 

3. What are the best times for cleaning the teeth ? Would you use warm or cold water ? 

A. hard or soft brush ? 10 

4. Describe the action of a muscle by which it produces motion. 10 



86 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

5. Describe connective tissue and explain its office. 10 

6. How are the bones held together at movable joints? 10 

7. What muscular movement, necessary for respiration, is obstructed by tight lacing ? 10 

8. What functions of the skin have led to its being called the " third lung ? " 10 

9. In what season of the year do we need the greatest amount of sugar and fat in our 

food ? 10 

10. In what part of the eye is the retina? Of wiiat nerve is it a part? 10 

AMKRICAN HISTORY. 

J. Why did tlie Pilgrims come to this country to make it their home ? 10 

2. Into what colony was Negro slavery first introduced ? When? 10 

3. When and why was the Stamp Act repealed ? 10 
4" Where was tiie Continental Congress in session during the Revolutionary W\ar? 10 

5. What lead to the Mexican War? 10 

6. Name two prominent generals of (a) the United States Army, and (b) one of the Mex- 

ican Army in that war. 10 

7. During what war and where was the battle of the " Iron Ship " fought? 10 

8. State some fact about Sherman's March to the Sea. 1 

9. Of what nation did the United States Government purchase Louisiana? 10 
10. What Chief Justice of the United States died a short time since ? 10 



CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. How must the vacancy now existing in the Supreme Court of the United States be 

filled ? ' 20 

2. Why is the income from our State prisons now much less than the cost of conducting 

them ? 20 

3. What is Arbor Day in this State? 20 

4. Name one of the two cities chartered by our last Legislature. 20 

5. Of what organization is T, V. Powderly the chief executive officer ? 20 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 87 

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR JUNE, 1887. 
Second and Third Grades. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. ■ $133.32. 

2. Three billions, eight hundred five millions, four hundred. 

3. II. 

4. A received 4,340, B, 5,551. 

5. 109 if ft. . 

6. 78 rd. 4 yd. ^ in. 

7. (a) A number associated with objects or quantities. (6) A concrete number that ex- 

presses a single denomination of weight, measure, or money value, (c) A number that 
expresses two or more denominations of the same kind of weight, measure, or money 
value. 



8. 

9. 90. 
10. Because the number of equal parts expressed by the resulting fraction is increased in the 
same ratio that the size of the parts is diminished. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, Arctic. 

2. North by British America, east by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, south by 

the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico, and west by Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. 

3. (a) Capital of Colorado. (6) Eastern part of Minnesota on the Mississippi River, (c) 

Eastern part of Missouri on the Mississippi River. 

4. (a) Buffalo. (6) Albany or Troy. 

5. Answers will vary. 

6. Madrid. Berlin. St. Petersburgh. 

7. Any three of the following : Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Candia, Cyprus, or the 

Balearic Islands. 

8. Japan. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. (a) Hecla. (6) Aconcagua or Chimborazo. (c) Etna. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. They are thereby restrained from assuming and exercising arbitrary or unlawful author- 

ity. 

2. Six years. 

3. A majority is more than half the votes cast ; a plurality is more votes than is received by 

any other candidate. 



88 



UyiFOEM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 



4. The Court of Appeals. 

5. On the Tuesday next following the first Monday in November in every leap year. 

6. Rhode Island ; because she has as many Senators in Congress as New York. 

7. Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, 

Secretary of the Interior, Attorney-General and Postmaster-General. 

8. For one of her citizens to make war against the United States, etc. 

9. Because the members of the House of Representatives more directly represent the people 

than the senators do. 
10. The Governor. 



COMPOSITION. 



No answers can be given. 



GRAMMAR. 

1. Principal clause — Puritans brought. Subordinate clauses — Which writers have thought, 

which were effects. 

2. Adjective, an ; phrase, ofijarpose; the two subordinate clauses. 

3. Pronoun, relative, third person, plural number, neuter gender, agreeing with its anteced- 

ents, coolness and immutability, subject of the verb were and in the nominative case. 

4. Attribute of the predicate and agrees with the subject which in the nominative case. 

Nouns. 



Puritans. 

Affairs. 

Coolness. 

Judgment. 

Immutabil 

Purpose. 

Writers. 

Zeal. 

Fact. 

Effects. 



Pronouns. 

Which. 

Their. 

It. 



ity. 



Adjectives. 

The. 

Civil. 

Military. 

A. 

An. 

Some. 

Inconsistent. 

Religious. 

Necessarv. 



Verbs. 

Brought. 
Have thought. 
Were. 



Prepositions. Conjunctions. 



To. 
Of. 

With. 
In. 



And. 
But. 



6. I saw Mr. Jones, the merchant. 

7. The children walked bnskly to school, when the hell rang. 

8. Who goes there ? was said by the sentinel. That man is mortal is certain. 

9. Present, I am. 
Past, I was. 

Future, I shall (will) be. 
Present perfect, I have been. 
Pa.st perfect, I had been. 
Future perfect, I shall (will) have been. 
10. John writes and Mary reads. Mr. Smith, tcho was sick, has recovered. He came when he 
was called. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 89 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. They are vessels which absorb the chyle from the intestines and convey it to the thoracic 

duct. 

2. By the capillaries of the face becoming enlarged and distended with blood. 

3. Immediately after meals ; not excessively cold water ; a soft brush. 

4. It contracts, becoming shorter and thicker. 

5. By ligaments attached to either bone. 

6. It is composed of fine, white, strong fibres; its office is to bind together the other (issues 

of the body. 

7. The muscles which raise the ribs are prevented from doing their work, because the con- 

striction around the waist holds the ribs down. 

8. The functions of excretion and absorption. 

9. In winter. 

10. In the back part ; it is a part of the optic nerve. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. To find a home where they could worship God according to their own consciences, and 

educate their children as they pleased. 

2. Virginia. 1619. 

3. 1766. Because the British Government found it could not be safely enforced. 

4. In Philadelphia. 

5. The annexation of Texas. 

6. (a) Scott and Taylor, {h) Santa Anna. 

7. During the civil war. In Hampton Koads. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. Of France. 

10. Morrison E. Waite. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. By nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate. 

2. Because of the abolition of the contract system in prison management of labor. 

3. By act of the Legislature the first Friday after the first day of May is made Arbor Day, 

on which day special exercises are to be held in the several schools, under the direction 
of the school officers in accordance with plans prescribed by the State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction. 

4. Hornellsville or Ithaca. 

5. The Knights of Labor. 



90 UNIFORM EX A 311 y A TION Q UESTIONS 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, AUGUST 14 and 15, 1888. 

First Grade. 

Tuesday, A. M. 

ARITHMETIC. 
In the solution of problems, every process must be indicated. Mere answers will not be accepted. 

1. What is the date of maturity, term of discount, bank discount, and proceeds of a 

2-months note for $300, made and discounted in New York, July 10, 1888 ? 10 

2. If a street vender buy 5 bushels of chestnuts for $18.50, and sell them for 15 cents per 

liquid quart, how much does he gain ? 10 

3. A broker buys for $65 a note for $70, due in three months. What rate per cent, per 

annum will he receive for the use of his money, if the note is paid when due? 10 

4. The sum of two numbers is 271b. 3 pwt. 5gr., and their difference is 12 lb. 19 pwt. 21 gr. 

Required the numbers. 10 

5. What sum must be invested in 7 per cent bonds at 101 i per cent to yield an annual 

income of $980 ? 10 

6. The list price of oil stoves is $15, but 12 stoves are sold for $120. What rate of com- 

mercial discount was allowed ? 10 

7. A farm fence 60 rods long is built 3 boards high and of 16-foot lumber. The top 

board is 4 inches wide, the middle board is 5o inches, and the bottom board 7 inches. 
Find the required number of each kind of boards and the cost of the lumber at 
$13 per M. 10 

8. At the same rate of speed, what part of the water discharged by a 5-inch pipe will a 

3-inch pipe discharge? 10 

9. The State of New York is 320 miles east and west, exclusive of Long Island. Find 

the length of map of the mainland on a scale of one-twelfth of an inch to the mile. 10 
10. Find the least number which divided by any integral number between 5 and 12 will 

leave a remainder of 1. 10 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Bound New York State. (By political divisions and the Atlantic Ocean.) 10 

2. Where does the Red River of the North rise? In what direction and into what does 

it flow? 10 

3. Name and locate the largest city of (a) Illinois, (6) Louisiana, (c) California, (d) Vir- 

ginia. 10 

4. What bodies of water does the Welland Canal connect ? What nation controls that 

canal ? 10 

5. Where are the Aleutian Islands ? To what nation do they belong ? 10 

6. Name the large river on the bounding line between South Carolina and Georgia. 

What large city near its mouth ? 10 

7. Describe an all-water route from Liverpool to Constantinople. 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 91 

8. Account for the mildness of the climate of Southern France. (43° N. latitude.) 10 

9. When will the next winter-solstice occur ? 10 
10. Define (a) perihelion, (6) apogee, and (c) equinox. 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. How are Postmasters of the more important post-ofSces appointed ? 10 

2. Give the names of five county offices. 10 

3. How may a bill, which has been vetoed by the President, become a law ? 10 

4. Name one of the duties of the Lieutenant-Governor of this State ? 10 

5. What is the title of the highest judicial office of a county ? 10 

6. Where is the government of the District of Columbia vested? 10 

7. What is the constitutional requirement for eligibility to the office of President of the 

U. S., as to residence ? 10 

8. Of how many members does our State Senate consist ? . 10 

9. How long must an alien reside in this country before he can become a citizen ? 10 
10. How is this State prohibited from making a treaty with a foreign nation/ 10 

Tuesday, F*. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects : 

Arbor Day. 

A Summer Resort. 

My Favorite Game. 
Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference to three 
points .• 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and 
general appearance. 25 

(For remaining 25 credits, see regulations.) 

grammar. 

So live, that when thy summons comes to join 
The innumerable caravan that moves 
To the pale realms of shade, where each shall take 
His chamber in the silent halls of death. 
Thou go not like the quarry-slave at night. 
Scourged to his dungeon, but, sustained and soothed 
By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave 
Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch 
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams. 
The first eight questions refer to ihe above selection. 



92 UNIFORM EX A MINA TION Q UESTIONS 

Notes.— In naming a clause, include only its simple subject, and its simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason why. 
By phrase is meant a preposition with its object. In naming a phrase, give only the prepo- 
sition and its simple (unmodified) object. 
A modifier may be a tvord, phrase, or clause. 
Infinitives ai-e classed as modes of the verb. 

1 and 2. State what each subordinate clause modifies, and state whether it is adjective or 

adverbial. 20 

3. What are the modifiers of realms ? ■ 10 

4. Name five adverbial phrases and state what each modifies. 10 

5. Give examples from the above extract, of each part of speech found in it, not consider- 

ing articles and participles as separate parts of speech. 10 

6. Parse to join. 10 

7. Parse sustained. 10 

8. What is the syntax of quMrry-slave ? 10 

9. Give the syntax of the second and third nouns in the following sentence : Mr. Jones, 

the baker was elected president. 10 

10. Write a sentence with a transitive verb whose simple object is a participle having an 

object. 10 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. How are bones constructed to combine firmness and strength with lightness? 10 

2. When a muscle is in action, how does it compare with the same muscle in a state of 

relaxation, as to length ? As to thickness ? As to hardness ? 10 

3. Why is it more wearisome to stand still than to walk about ? 10 

4. Name one or more provisions, in the structure of the skeleton, by which the body is 

protected from shocks and jars. 10 

5. What occasions the necessity for food ? 10 

6. What process must the fat, we take as food, undergo before it can be absorbed into 

the blood ? Describe the process ? , 10 

7. Name five articles of food that are rich in albumen. 10 

8. Wliat fluid of the body has the power to dissolve abuminoid foods ? In what condition 

is albumen most readily dissolved ? Wiien coagulated or uncoagulated ? 10 

9. Describe some experiment which you have seen, or of which you have read, showing 

the effect of alcohol on albumen. 10 

10. How does the function of a sensitive nerve-fibre differ from that of a motor-fibre ? 10 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 93 
AVe dues day, A. M. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. When and by whom was Boston founded ? 10 

2. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony ? 

What settlement did he found ? 10 

3. What caused the French and Indian War ? 10 

4. For what is each of the following specially remembered : Benjamin Franklin ? 

Lafayette ? 10 

5. What made Valley Forge memorable ? 10 

6. When, where, and why was the Constitution of the United States adopted ? 10 

7. Under what circumstances was Alexander Hamilton killed ? 10 

8. Between what cities and by whom was the first telegraph line built ? 10 

9. Name two great battles of the Civil War in which the Union forces were victorious ? 10 
10. To what political party did each of the following belong ; Daniel Webster ? Stephen 

A. Douglass ? William H. Seward ? 10 



1 . What are similar terras ? Write an equation made up of such terms. 10 

2. To what is the square of the sum of two quantities equal ? 10 

3. Show that (a) the zero power of any quantity is equal to 1, (6) any quantity having a 

negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of the same quantity with an equal posi- 
tive exponent. 10 

4. Factor a;* — i/*, finding three factors. 10 

X y ax — hy 

5. Given 1 = 1; and = c, to find values of x and y. 10 

c c a — b 

6. Given x — 3?/ = a, and x + 4^/ = 6, to find x and y. 10 

7. Expand (3a + 2c)*, by the binomial theorem. 10 

8. Extract the cube root of x^ — Zx^ + bx^ — 3a; — 1. 10 

9. Given a;^ + 3a;=10, to find the values of x. 10 
10. Given 2; + 2/= 5, and x^y-\-xy^=^0, to find the values of x and y. 10 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1. In real accounts what are represented (a) by credits ; (6) by debits ? 10 

2. Write a note for |75 and interest, payable in six months, at the First National Bank 

of Albany, N. Y., negotiable by endorsement, maker, William Douglass, payee, 

Henry L. Warren. 10 

3. Required that the note above given be endorsed in full to George Wiison. 10 
4-5. Eule form (a) of Day Book ; (6) of Cash Book. 20 



94 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

6-7. Enter in ruled forms of Day Book and Cash Book, for Henry Perkins, the following 
transactions: (a) Aug. 14, 1888. Henry Perkins bought of Miller & Bros., on ac- 
count, 20 firkins of butter, 2,095 pounds at 22 cents per pound. (6) Aug. 20, 

1888. Henry Perkins paid Miller & Bros., on account, |350. 20 

8. On which side of a cash account must the balance be entered ? 10 

9. Give the rule for ascertaining net capital ? 10 
10. What are liabilities? 10 

^Vednesday, F*. M. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1. How may a trustee be legallj' authorized to employ a teacher who is within the second 

degree of relationshij) ? 10 

2. In addition to being a resident of the district and of full age, what are the qualifica- 

tions, any one of which entitles a person to vote at a district meeting ? 10 

3. Where does the law direct that the boundaries of school districts shall be recorded ? 10 

4. Who are authorized to fix the rate of tuition for non-resident pupils? 10 

5. What schools only are exempt from the provisions of the law requiring schools to be 

closed during the session of a teachers' institute? 10 

6. What officer has power to remove a trustee or member of a board of education from 

office, for cause ? 10 

7. Who is legally responsible for the safe-keepmg of the school register ? 10 

8. What officer has authority to create a new school district? 10 

9. VVhen is the beginning and when the close of the school year ? • 10 
10. What is the time for holding the annual school meeting? 10 

PHYSICS. 

1. What causes a balloon to rise? 10 

2. What is a vacuum ? 10 

3. What must be the shape of a lens that magnifies ? 10 

4. Upon what does the pressure of liquids depend ? 10 

5. What does a barometer measure ? 10 

6. What is meant by the specific gravity of a body ? 10 

7. Name the cause-> of the trade winds? 10 

8. How does the length of a pendidiun affect the rapidity of its vibrations ? 10 

9. What is an echo? 10 
10. How does elevation above the earth's surface afTect the boiling point of liquids? 10 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 95 



1. What is the analytic method of instruction? 

2. Why is the synthetic method especially applicable to primary instruction ? 

3. Why should objects be extensively used in primary teaching ? 

4. What is the chief value of map-drawing in teaching Geography ? 

5. What mental powers are chiefly used (1) In acquiring elementary knowledge? (2) In 

retaining knowledge ? (3) In properly applying knowledge ? 

6. How does the imagination aid in acquiring knowledge of things beyond the reach of 

the senses? 

7. Give reasons (1) for permitting pupils to "look over" while others read. (2) For not 

permitting them. 

8. Apply the Delsarte maxim, " impression must precede expression," to a method of 

teaching primary reading. 

9. (1) What is a mental power? (2) How is any mental power properly developed and 

strengthened ? 

10. How does a practical knowledge of Drawing aid the teacher in giving instruction in 

other subjects ? 

11. Give reasons for separating class work into the four divisions (a) Recitation. (6) In- 

struction, (c) Drill, (d) Application. 

12. State, with reasons, the proper lengths of time that should intervene between prepara- 

tion (study) and class work (recitation). 

13. For what objects should pupils be required to solve text-book problems before class ? 

14. Why is good ventilation essential to good study ? 

15. How is the eye-sight of pupils affected who face a strong light ? What is the remedy ? 

16. Give your views concerning home study by pupils in the public schools. 

Select ten questions from the sixteen here given. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

Twenty credits will be allowed for each of five of the following questions, to be select- 
ed by the candidate : 

1. Who is President of the French Eepublic ? 

2. What rank in Ihe United States army was recently revived by act of Congress ? Upon 

whom was it conferred ? 

3. What change in respect to the method of execution of the death penalty was made by 

the last Legislature of this State ? 

4. Give the names of the nominees of two of the national political conventions recently 

held. 

5. What is meant by " cremation ? " 

6. What eminent ex-United States Senator recently died in New York ? 

7. Whom did President Cleveland nominate for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of 

the U. S.? 



96 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR AUGUST 14 and 15, 1888. 

First Grade. 

Note. — It will be seen that the answers printed below are, in many cases, merely suggest- 
ive. Examiners will not be confined to the precise form or substance except where exact 
answers are required. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Date of maturity, September 13, 1888. Term of discount, 2 mo. 3 da. Bank discount, 

$3.15. Proceeds, $296.85. 

2. $9.43. 

3. 30|f per. cent, per annum. 

4. Greater number, 19 lb. 6 oz. 11 pwt. 13 gr. Smaller number, 7 lb. 5 oz. 11 pwt. 16 gr. 

5. $14,210. 

6. 30 per cent. 

7. 62 boards of each width. Cost of lumber, $17.73. 

9. 26f inches. 
10. 27,721. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. North by Canada and Connecticut ; east by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut and the 

Atlantic Ocean ; south by the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; weat by 
New Jerse_v, Pennsylvania and Canada. 

2. In the northern part of the United States. It flows north into Lake Winnepeg. 

3. (a) Chicago on Lake Michigan ; (b) New Orleans on the Mississippi ; (c) San Francisco 

on the bay ; (d) Richmond on the James. 

4. Lakes Erie and Ontario. England. 

5. The western part of Alaska. United States. 

6. The Savannah River. Savannah. 

7. Answers may vary slightly. 

8. It is caused by the warm westerly and south-westerly winds blowing over that section. 

9. December 21, 1888. 

10. (a) Near the sun (relating to the earth's nearness to the sun) ; (6) From the earth (relat- 
ing to the moon's distance from the earth) ; (c) Equal night (referring to the time when 
day and night are of equal length). 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. They are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 

2. 

3. It may pass both branches of Congress by a two-thirds vote. 

4. 

5. County Judge. 

6. In Congress. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 97 

7. He must have been a resident of the United States for at least fourteen years. 

8. Thirty-two. 

9. Five years. 

10. By the Constitution of the United States. 

COMPOSITION. 

No answers can be given. 

GRAMMAK. 

1 and 2. Adverbial clause, Thai thou go, modifies live. 

Adverbial clause, When summons comes, modifies go. 

Adjective clause, That moves, modifies caravan. 

Adjective clause. Where each shall take, modifies realms. 

Adverbial clause, ( Thou) approach, modifies live. 

Adjective clause, Who wraps and lies, modifies one. 
3. Realms is modified by the adjectives, the and pale, the adjective phrase, of shade, and the 

adjective clause, Where each shall take. 
5. jfo realms modifies moves. 

In halls modifies shall take. 

Like quarry-slave modifies go. 

At night modifies go. 

To dungeon modifies scourged. 

By trust modifies sustained and soothed. 

Like one modifies approach. 

About him modifies ivraps. 

lo dreams modifies lies. 

5. No answer is needed here. 

6. To join is a verb, principal parts, join, joined, joining, joined, regular, transitive, active 

voice, infinitive mode, present tense, used adverbially to modify the verb comes. 

7. Sustained is a verb, principal parts, sustain, sustained, sustaining, sustained, regular, trans- 

itive, passive voice, participle, past tense, used adjectively and modifies the subject thou. 

8. Object of the preposition like and in the objective case. 

9. Baker is in apposition with the noun, Mr. Jones, and agrees with it in the nominative 

case. President is the predicate noun (attribute) and agrees with the subject Mr. Jones, 
in the nominative case. 
10. John enjoys studying arithmetic. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. The outer part is hard and strong, the inner part being hollow or porous. 

2. It is shorter. It is thicker. It is harder. 

3. Because in walking the muscles are continually changing from activity to rest, while in 

standing still, some are kept constantly contracted. 

4. There are elastic pads of cartilage between I'oints, the bones are curved and somewhat 

flexible. 



98 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

5. All vital action causes waste of tissue; this waste must be repaired by the nutriment of 

food. 

6. It must be emulsified, that is, separated into very fine particles which will thoroughly mix 

with water, as in the case of milk. 

7. Eggs, meat, grain, milk, cheese. 

8. The gastric juice. When uncoagulated. 

9. Pour alcohol on the white of an egg and it coagulates it. 

10. The sensitive nerve fibre is stimulated at the outer extremity e. g. in the skin or muscle, 
and communicates the impression imvard to the spinal cord or brain ; while the motor 
nerve acts in the opposite direction, from the nerve center outward to the muscle or skin. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. In 1630. Puritan families under Gov. Winthrop. 

2. On account of his religious opinions. Providence. 

3. Previous inter-Colonial wars and encroachments of the French upon the English colonial 

possessions. 

4. Answers will vary. 

5. The terrible winter sufferings of the American soldiers during the [Revolutionary war. 

6. 1787. Philadelphia. Because of tlie utter weakness of the government under the Colo- 

nial Confederation. 

7. In a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. 

8. Baltimore and Washington. Prof. S. F. B. Morse. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. Webster was a Whig; Douglas was a Democrat; and Seward was a Republican. 

ALGEBRA. 

1. Terms made up of the same letters having the same exponents, as 2a^-(-oa^=7a*. 

2. The square of the first, plus twice the product of the first into the second, plus the square 

of the second. 

5. Proof, — -a--^ =a" ; — = 1; hence by Ax. a»=l. 
a'^ a- 

Proof, — — =a^-s =a-i ; — r- = — ; hence a-i= — . 
a* a'^ a a 

4. x*-y* = {x'+y-) (x^'-y^) = {x^ +y-) {xfy) (x-y). 

r. ay , be 

5. X = -f-, and y = -—^■ 

b ^ a + b 

„ 4a + 36 ■ b — a 

6. x= , and y = -^. 

7. 27a8 + 54a2c + 46ac-' + 80^. 

8. x^ — x—1. 

9. X = 2 or — 5. 
10. X = 3 and y = 2. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 99 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

In real accounts, credits represent either sums paid to us or goods sold to us, on account, 
bv the party with whom we keep the account ; debits, money paid by us or goods sold by 
us, on account, to the party with whom we keep the account. 

$75.00. , N. Y., Aug. 14, 1888. 

Six months after date, I promise to pay to the order of Henry L. Warren, seventy- 
five dollars, with interest, at the First National Bank of Albany, N. Y. Value received. 

WILLIAM DOUGLASS. 




4-5. See any approved form. 

6-7. Account is headed " Miller and Bros." 

(a) Entered on credit side of Day Book. 

(6) Entered on debit side of Day Book, and on credit side of Cash Book. 
(See approved forms.) 

8. On the credit side of account. 

9. Subtract total liabilities from total assets. 

10. Debts that we owe — whether on account or bills payable. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1. By a two-thirds vote of an annual meeting or of a special meeting called for that purpose. 

2. First — being entitled to hold real estate under the laws of New York and either owning 

or renting real estate subject to taxation in the district. 

Second — being a citizen and assessed upon the last completed assessment roll of the 
town, for personal property in a sum not less than fifty dollars. 

Third — ^being a citizen and the parent or guardian of a child of school age who has 
attended the district school at least eight weeks during the preceding school year and 
who still resides with such parent or guardian. 

3. In the office of the town clerk of the town or towns in which the district is situated. 

4. Trustees and boards of education. 
5 The schools of incorporated cities. 

6. The Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

7. The teacher. 

8. The School Commissioner. 

9. The school year begins Aug. 21st and ends Aug. 20th. 

10. The last Tuesday in August and at 7:00 P. M. if no other hour has been fixed by the 
district. 



100 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 



1. The weight of the air causing an upward pressure. 

2. Space devoid of all matter. 

3. Convex. 

4. Pressure depends upon the weight of the liquid and the height of the column. 

5. The comparative weight of the air. 

6. The specific gravity of a substance shows how many times heavier it is than an equal 

volume of some other body. 

7. Heat and the rotation of tlie earth. 

8. The shorter the pendulum, the more rapid are the vibrations. 

9. A reflected sound. 

10. It lowers the boiling point. 

METHODS. 

Answers cannot be given here. 

CXTRRENT TOPICS. 

1. M. Carnot. 

2. The rank of general, Gen. Philip Sheridan. 

3. Persons convicted of capital offenses committed after January 1, 1889, are to be executed 

by means of electricity. 

4. Democratic, Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman ; Prohibition, Clinton B. Fisk and 

John A. Brooks ; Republican, Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton. 

5. Burning instead of burying the dead. 

6. Roscoe Conkling. 

7. Melville W. Fuller. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, TUESDAY, AUGUST 14, 1888. 

Second and Third Grades. 

A. M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

In the solution of problems, every process must be indicated. Mere answers will not be accepted. 

1. Reduce to decimals and find their sum |, ^\, ^^, -^-^^. 10 

2. Reduce to common fractions .0125, .06^, .067|, .006325. 10 

3. By what number must 30f be nuiltiplied to produce 604^? 10 

4. Divide 320 acres of land among A, B, and C so that A shall have 15 acres more than 

B, and C shall have 27 acres more than B. 10 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 101 

5. From 10 bu. subtract the sum of 3.64 bu., -^^ bu , and 1 bu. 3 pk. 6.52 qt. 10 

6. At 90 cents a yard, what will be the cost of a carpet for a flight of stairs of 1 8 steps, 

each 7^ inches high and 10 inches wide? 10 

7. Add 137 days to Aug. 14th, and give the resulting date. 10 

8. Four men hire a pasture field together. The first pastures 4 cows 18 weeks ; the 

second, 5 cows 12f weeks; the third, 11 cows 6^ weeks ; and the fourth, 9 cows 16 

weeks. What part of the rent should each pay ? . 10 

9. ^ is what per cent, of J ? 10 
10. Find the interest on $1 for 3 yr. 1 mo. 29 da. at 5 per cent, per annum. 10 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Into what does the Potomac river flow ? In which direction does it flow ? 10 

2. Name and locate the largest city of (a) Ohio, (6) Missouri, (c) Michigan. 10 

3. How can^^you travel by water from Chicago to New Orleans? 10 

4. What city of South America is on the equator ? 10 

5. Locate (a) Liverpool, (b) Edinburgh, (c) Berlin. 10 

6. Mention a peculiar characteristic of Venice as to its streets. 10 

7. Where are the Himalaya Mountains ? Name the highest peak. 10 

8. Name and locate a sea of Asia which is below the general sea-level. 10 

9. How does the climate of England compare with that of Siberia in the same latitude ? 

Why ? 10 

10. From what meridian do nearly all nations reckon longitude ? 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is a democracy ? 10 

2. What is the meaning of the phrase, " Taxation tvithout representation ?" 10 

3. What is a limited monarchy ? 10 

4. Where does the power reside for imposing taxes for the use of the national govern- 

ment ? 10 

5. In whom is the power vested to make treaties with foreign nations ? 10 

6. If neither candidate for the ofiice of vice-president receives a majority of the electoral 

votes, how shall that oflicer be elected ? 10 

7. Name one of the duties of an assessor. 10 
9. What class of ofiicers have power to issue a warrant of arrest? 10 
9. What is an executive session of the senate of the U. S. ? 10 

10. By what authority is the number of state senators prescribed ? 10 

READING. 

To be supplied by the commissioner. 



102 UNIFORiM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

^ 

P. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

Write a composition on either of tlie following subjects : 

Ice Cream. 

The Violin. 

Industrial, Education. 

How Nature Provides for the Protection of the Eye. 
Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three points : 

(1). The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2). The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3). The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and gen- 
eral appearance. 25 
(For remaining 25 credits, see Regulations.) 

GRAMMAR. 

Labor sits enthroned in palaces of crystal, whose high-arched roofs proudly sparkle in the 
sunshine which delighteth to honor it, and whose ample courts are crowded with the trophies 
of its victories in every country and in every age. — Rev. Newman Hall. 

The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 

In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the prepo- 
sition and its simple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 
Infinitives- are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. What are the modifiers of palaces ? 10 

2. What are the predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 

3. Give the syntax of roofs and sunshine. 10 

4. Select (1) two adjective phrases, (2) two adverbial phrases. 10 

5. What is the office of enthroned ? 10 

6. What modes (moods) are found in the above selection ? 10 

7. Parse si^s. 10 

8. Parse the first whose. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a pronoun used as a part of the predicate (attribute). 10 
10. Write a sentence containing a present perfect compound participle, i. e., a i)articiple 

in the present perfect tense. 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 103 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. What is the normal number of molar teeth in the permanent set ? 10 

2. Of what use is the sense of taste aside from the pleasure it yields ? 10 

3. Where is the medulla oblongata located ? 10 

4. Give the number and names of the bones in the fore-arm. 10 

5. What is the proper temperature for a study room by the Fahrenheit thermometer ? 10 

6. Describe a good way of arranging the windows of a school room for ventilating the 

room when there is no other means of ventilation. 10 

7. Give an illustration of an involuntary muscle ; also give a definition of the term. 10 

8. What cavities in the lower part of the heart ? 

9. Name five organs which are located in the cavity of the abdomen. 10 
10. Of what three parts is the ear composed ? 10 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Who were the first explorers of the Mississippi Valley ? 20 

2. What event is associated with each of the following dates : 1565, 1619, 1620, 1765 ? 20 

3. Name one important event of each year of the Revolutionary War. 20 

4. What was the Geneva award ? What amount was awarded ? 

5. With what great enterprise is each of the following names associated : (a) DeWitt 

Clinton? (6) S. F. B. Morse? (c) Cyrus W. Field? {d) Ezra Cornell, (e) M. 
Bartholdi ? 20 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

Twenty credits are allowed for each of five questions selected from the following by the can- 
didate : 

1. Who is the only living ex-president of the United States ? 

2. Who is emperor of Germany ? 

3. Who are the Mormons ? 

4. What is meant by the words " boodle aldermen ?" 

5. What is meant by the term " boycott ?" 

6. For what is Watkins, N. Y., noted ? 

7. State two methods of propelling street cars without the use of a steam locomotive. 



104 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR AUGUST 14, 1888. 
Second and Third Grades. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. 1.299609375. 

9 1 1 6 1 25S 

*} 1 Q 893 

4. A. 107 A. 106f sq. rd.— or 107| A, 

B. 92 A. 106| sq. rd.— or 92f A. 

C. 119 A. 106f sq. rd.— or 1191 A. 

5. 3 bu. 3 pk. 3 qt. 

6. $7.88. 

7. December 29tli. 

8. First man should pay ^^^^ of the whole. The second, /jVs- -The third, ^Ws- And 

the fourth, |f||. 

9. 66f per cent. 
10. $.15f|. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Chesapeake Bay. In a south-easterly direction. 

2. (a) Cincinnati on the Ohio. (6) St. Louis on the Mississippi, (c) Detroit on the De- 

troit Kiver. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. Quito. 

5. (a) North-eastern part of England, on the Mersey. (6) Capital of Scotland, on the 

Firth of Forth, (c) Capital of Germany, on the Spree River. 

6. The houses are often built on piles, and boats are used on the streets. 

7. In Soutliern Asia. Mt. Everest. 

8. Either of the following: Dead Sea, Caspian Sea, or Sea of Aral. 

9. It is much milder. It is owing to the influence of the Gulf Stream and the warm west 

winds which blow over England. 
10. The meridian of Greenwich, which is the International Prime Meridian. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. A government by the people. 

2. It means that taxes are imposed on a people wliile the right is denied them of having 

a voice in ordering the taxes or of disposing of the revenue. 

3. A monarchy in which the power of the monarch is restricted by the law. 

4. In the Congress. 

5. In the President with tiie advice and consent of the Senate. 

6. By the Senate of the U. S. 
7. 

8. Justice of the Peace or other judicial officers. 

9. A session for the purpose of considering treaties or the appointment of officers. 
10. By the State Constitution. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 105 

COMPOSITION. 

No answers can be given. 

GRAMBIAK. 

1. The adjective phrase, of crystal, and the adjective clauses, tohose roofs sparkle and whose 

courts are crowded. 
■2. Sparkle, delighteth and are crowded. 

3. Subject of the verb sparkle, and in the nominative case. Object of the preposition in, 

and in the objective case. 

4. Adjective phrases, of crystal and of victories; adverbial phrases, in palaces, in sunshine 

with trophies, in country, and in age. 
•5. A participle, in the past tense and modifies labor. 

6. Indicative and infinitive modes. 

7. Sits is a verb, principal parts, sit, sat, sitting, sat, irregular, intransitive, indicative mode, 

present tense, and agrees with its subject, labor in the third person and singular 
number. 

8. Whose is a pronoun, relative, third person, plural number and neuter gender to agree 

with its antecedent, palaces, is in the possessive case and modifies roofs. 

9. Example. It is I. 

1 0. Example. The boy having recited his lesson ivas dismissed. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. 12. 

2. We use it, to some extent, to distinguish proper from improper food. 

3. Below the brain and above the spinal cord. 

4. Two : the ulna and the radius. 

5. About 68 degrees. 

6. Kaise the lower sash a few inches and insert a piece of board to fill the opening below ; 

this allows a passage of air between the sashes which passes upwards instead of strik- 
ing the heads of the pupils. 

7. The heart. An involuntary muscle is one which contracts and relaxes without the 

direction of the will. 

8. The ventricles. 

9. The stomach, the liver, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys, the intestines. 
10. The outer ear, the middle ear or tympanum and the inner ear or labyrinth. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. LaSalle and Marquette. 

2. 1565— St. Augustine. 1619— Slavery. 1620— The Pilgrims' landing. 1765— Stamp Act. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. The amount paid to Americans by England on account of the Alabama depredations. 

$15,500,000. 

5. (a) The Erie Canal. (6) The first telegraph line, (c) The first Atlantic Cable, (d) 

Cornell University, (e) The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. 



106 . UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

CURRENT TOPIC'S. 

1. Kiitherford B. Hayes. 

2. Wilhelm II. 

3. The first settlers of Utah whose religion is based on the Book of Mormon, which per- 

mits polygamy. 

4. Aldermen who were bribed to vote for certain measures. 

5. An agreement among a large number of persons not to buy anything of certain indi- 

viduals, or not to purchase of anybody articles manufactured by persons who are 
obnoxious to those making the agreement. The object is to compel compliance with 
their demands. 

6. Its Glen, a very deep and romantic chasm cut out by a stream of water. 

7. (1) By horses, (2) by electricity, (3) by a moving wire cable between the rails and be- 

low the surface of the ground. 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, SATURDAY, SEPT. i, i888. 

Second and Third Grades. 

A. M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

In the solution of problems, every process must be indicated. Mere answers will not be 
accepted. 

1. Find the value of a trapezoidal field whose parellel sides are 12 ch. 41.1. and 17 ch. 

87.1., and whose ahitude is 13 ch. 51., at |80 per acre. 10 

2. A reservoir 8 ft. x 4 ft. x 3 ft. 9 in., holds how many barrels of water ? 10 

3. Explain the diflferent quantities expressed respectively by 24^ 37", and 24 min. 37 sec. 10 

4. Define (a) uniform scale; (6) varying scale. Illustrate each by a number involving it. 10 

5. A farmer sold 48.64 acres of his farm of 112 a. 96 sq. rd. What per cent of his farm 

had he left? 10 

6. Find the cost of a pile of 4-foot wood 27 ft. long and 6 ft liigh, at $5.50 per cord 10 

7. Wiiat is the interest on $128.40 for 1 yr. 5 mo. 17 da. at 6 per ct. ? 10 

8. Required (a) all tlie prime factors of 23,660 (6) all the odd integral divisors of tiie 

same number. 10 

9. Find the diagonal of a square park containing 20 acres. 10 
10. Reduce to simplest form (a) f of i of 2f (6) ; i 10 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 107 

GEOGBAPHY. 

1. In what two States is the greater part of Lake Champ] ain? 10 

2. Name and locate the capital of tliose states. 10 

3. Name three New England States which border on the Atlantic Ocean. 10 

4. Where are the Cape Verde Islands ? 10 

5. What strait connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea ? 10 

6. Name the countries on either side of the Strait of Dover. 10 

7. Into what does the Rhine flow? The Danube ? The Tiber? 10 

8. What two large lakes are the reputed sources of the River Nile ? 10 

9. State facts as to the wonderful fertility of the Amazon Valley. 10 
10. Give two proofs that a spherical body represents the earth. 10 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is an absolute monarchy ? 10 

2. What is the title of the highest executive officer of a county ? ,10 

3. Where is the highest judicial authority of the XJ. S. vested ? 10 

4. Name one of the duties of a Sheriff". 10 

5. How are the Judges of the Court of Appeals chosen ? 10 

6. Who appoints the various committees of House of Representatives of the U. S. ? 10 

7. Who is the representative in Congress from your district? 10 

8. How may new States be admitted into the Union ? 10 

9. Name one of the duties of a constable. 10 
10. Where is the power vested, under the Constitution of the U. S., to declare war? 10 



To be supplied by the commissioner. 

F». M. 

COMPOSITION. 
Write a composition on either of the following subjects : 

County Fairs. 

The Prohibitionists. 

Language Teaching. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to these points : 
(1). The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2). The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3). The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, and general 

appearance. 25 

(For remaining 25 credits, see regulations.) (General Appearance of all papers.) 



108 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

GRAMMAR. 

Arabia is destitute of navigable rivers, which fertilize the soil, and convey its products to 
the adjacent regions; the torrents that fall from the hills are imbibed by the thirsty earth; the 
rare and liardy plants, tlie tamarind or the acacia, that strike their roots into the clefts of the 
rocks, are nourished by the dews of the night. — Gibbon. 

Note. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 

In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason why. 

By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the pre- 
position and its simple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 

Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses ? 10 

2. What are the predicates of the subordinate clauses ? ' 10 

3. Give the modifiers of rivers. 10 

4. Make a list of the pronouns in the selection indicating to what class of pronouns each 

belongs. 10 

5. W'hat is the syntax of iamaj-ijicZ.^ 10 

6. Parse into and destitute. 10 

7. Name two nouns which are objects of prepositions and three nouns which are ob- 

jects of verbs. 10 

8. Define a perso?ia/ pronoTOi. 10 
9 and 10. By sentences illustrate the connection of clauses by three different parts of 

speech, and indicate to what part of speech each connective used, belongs. 20 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. W^liat name is be given to the whole series of h»ones united together? 10 

2. When a muscle acts, what efl^ect does it produce upon the joints between the ends ? 10 

3. Name five articles of food that are rich in starch. 10 

4. Name a fluid of the body that has the power to convert starch into sugar. 10 

5. What important work is done by the muscular wall of the stomach while digestion is 

going on ? 10 

6. What ingredient of air is of vital importance to respiration ? 10 

7. When is a room well ventilated? 10 

8. What prevents the pulse from being felt in the veins ? 10 

9. Describe a spinal nerve. 10 
10. W'hat is a tonic ? A stimulant? A narcotic? How coidd alcohol be so administered 

as to produce either of these effects ? 10 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 109 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. What portion of the United States was first settled by (a) the Spanish ? (h) the 

English ? (c) the Dutch ? 20 

2. Who were the Huguenots ? Why did many of them come to America ? 20 

3. For what purpose, and by whom, was Georgia first settled ? 20 

4. When and where was Washington first inaugurated President of the United States? 20 

5. Name in order the first five Presidents, and give the length of time each served. 20 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

Ten credits are given for each of five questions, to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What specially eminent divine of this State died within the past two years? 

2. Name two of the three cities chartered by the last Legislature of New York ? 

3. What is mean by the " township system " as applied to schools ? 

4. Name two prominent features of the "Uniform Examination " system, now in use in 

this State. 

5. What is meant by " Civil Service Eeform ? " 

6. Wlio is now presiding officer of the United States Senate ? 

7. For what is Saratoga noted ? 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR SEPTEMBER, i, i888. 
Second and Third Grades. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. $1,145.95. 

2. 28f|| barrels. 

3. 24' 37" is a measure of distance on the surface of a sphere or of angular space. 24 

min. 37 sec. is a measure of time, or duration. 

4. A uniform scale is one in which the variation or step from any unit to the next 

greater is by the same multiplier. A varying scale is one in which some or all the 
steps are by different multipliers. 

Ex. 1. 3,475, — uniform scale, 10. Ex. 2. 24 mi. 16 rd. 4 ft. 6 in., — varying scale, 
descending, 320, 16 J, 12. 
5- 56f If per cent remaining. 

6. $27.84. 

7. 11.28. 

8. (a) 2, 2, 5, 7, 13, 13. (6) 5, 7, 13, 35, 65, 91, 169, 455, 845, 1,183, 5,915. 

9. 80 rods. 

10. («) If. (6) ^%\. 



110 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1 . In New York and Vermont. 

2. Albany, on the Hudson. Montpelier, on the Onion River. 
.3. Answers will vary. 

4. West of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean. 

5. Strait of Gibraltar. 

6. England on the north, and France on the south. 

T. The German Ocean. The Black Sea. The Mediterranean. 

8. Albert Nyanza and Victoria Nyanza. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. Circumnavigation, shadow on moon, or the appearance of ships at Sea. (Any two). 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. One in which the monarch's will is law. 

2. Sheriff. 

3. In tlie Supreme Court of the United States. 
4. 

5. By the people. 

6. The Speaker of the House. 
7. 

8. By an act of Congress. 
9. 

10. In the Congress. 



No answers can be given. 



COMPOSITION. 



GRAMMAR. 



1. Arabia, torrents and plants. 

2. Fertilize and convey, fall, strike. 

3. The adjective, navigable, and the adjective clause, ivhich fertilize. 

4. Relative pronouns, which, that. Personal pronouns, its, their. 

5. In apposition with plants, and agrees with it in the nominative case. 

C. Into is a preposition and shows the relation between clefts and strike. Destitute is a quali- 
fying adjective, positive degree and modifies Arabia. 

7. Objects of prepositions, rivers, regions, hills, earth, clefts, rocks, dew, night. Objects of 

verbs, soil, products, roots. 

8. A pronoun whose form is varied to indicate person is called a personal pronoun. 

9-10. John came and James went away. Mr. Smith, who called, immediately left. They 
returned when they had finished the work. And is a conjunction ; tvho is a pronoun ; 
when is an adverb. 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. Ill 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. The skeleton. 

2. It may bend it, if extended, or it may extend it, if bent. 

3. Flonr, corn meal, potatoes, rice, sago. 

4. The saliva. The intestinal juice. 

5. They move the food about in the stomach and so mix it with the gastric juice, and drive 

it out of the stomach when properly reduced. 

6. Oxygen. 

7. When there is free ingress of fresh air and egress of the vitiated air. 

8. The capillaries so obstruct the passage as to prevent the pulse wave from extending into 

the veins. 

9. It is a nerve, taking its origin in the spinal cord and extending from it, to the right or 

left, to some other part of the body. 

10. A tonic is a medicine that imparts vigor to the body. A stimulant is a medicine that 
gives a quick but transient impulse to the action of the heart. A narcotic is a medicine 
or poison that produces insensibility to pain, or stupor, and in large doses, death. In 
small doses, properly administered, it acts as a tonic ; in larger doses it becomes a stim- 
ulant ; in still larger overdoses it becomes a narcotic. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. (a) The south-eastern part, including Florida, and what is now New Mexico. 
(6( All the remaining eastern coast, except New York and New Jersey. 

(c) The above mentioned two States. 

2. French Protestants. To escape persecution on account of their religious beliefs. 

3. As a refuge for imprisoned debtors. By James Oglethrope. 

4. April 30, 1789. In New York City. 

5. George Washington, eight years; John Adams, four years , Thomas Jefferson, eight years ; 

James Madison, eight years ; James Monroe, eight years. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. Eev. Henry Ward Beecher. 

2. Hornellsville, Ithaca, and Middletown are the three. 

3. Each town has one school board controlling all of the schools of the town, 

4. No answer need be given here. 

5. The appointment of persons to offices of a minor character, as the result of competitive ex- 

aminations, and the retention in office of the appointee. 

6. John J. Ingalls. 

7. For its mineral springs and its immense hotels. 



112 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, SEPTEMBER ii, 1888. 

Second and Third Grades. 

A. ]M. 

ARITHMETIC. 

Note. — In the solution of these problems, every process must be indicated. Mere answers- 
will not be accepted. lO" 

1. P^ind the amount of an agent's sales when his commission at 5 per cent amounts to 

$37.65. 10 

2. The tax on an assessment of $8,500 is $48.37. Required the rate on $1,000 of assess- 

ment. 10 

3. A note is made and dated Sept 11. 1888, and is made payable in 90 days. Find the 

date of maturity. 10^^ 

4. Give the general principles of division. 10 

5. What is the ratio of 5 bu. to 3 pk. 6 qt. ? 10 

6. If 45 horses eat li tons of hay in 30 days, how many tons should last 84 horses 56 

days ? 10 

7. The list price of a certain kind of stove is $38, and the retail dealer is allowed com- 

mercial discounts of 20 per cent, 5 per cent, and 3 per cent. What price does he 
pay for the stoves ? 10 

8. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 22 ft. 8 in. and altitude 19 ft. 9 in. 10 

9. A car contains 21,643 }.>ounds of wheat. Find the value of the load at 92 cents per 

bushel. 10 

10. On a note made and dated June 3, 1887, for $150 and interest, is indorsed a payment 
of $78, April 17, 1888. Interest at 6 per cent. How much remains due on the note 
to-day ? 10- 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Name the rivers on which the following cities are situated, respectively: (a) Water- 

town, (6) Ogdensburgh, (c) Elmira. lO' 

2. Locate (a) Richfield Springs, (6) Saratoga Springs. 10 

3. What river is the outlet of Otsego Lake ? Of Oneida Lake ? 10 

4. Name and locate an important city of Georgia and one of Tennessee. 10 

5. Where are the Sandwich Islands ? Name the chief city. 10 

6. Mention two prominent articles imported into the United States from China 10 

7. Which grand division has the most regular line of sea coast ? Which the most irreg- 

ular ? 10 

8. Name in order, from west to east, the three peninsulas of southern Asia. 10 

9. WMiat are Isothermal lines? Illustrate by application to the Unital States. 10 
10. Mention two effects of the earth's rotation upon its axis. 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 113 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is larceny ? 10 

2. By what authority is the State prohibited from coining money ? 10 

3. What is the title of the highest executive officer of a State ? 10 

4. Why is the term of office of a Judge made longer than that of an executive officer ? 10 

5. Name two offices that are filled by officers elected by joint ballot of the two branches 

of our Legislature. 10 

6. The Speaker of the House of Representatives can vote upon any question that comes 

before that body, while the Vice-President has only a casting vote in the Senate. 
Why this distinction ? 10 

7. Wiiat are the requirements for eligibility to the office of President of the United States, 

as to age ? 10 

8. Of how many members is the United States Senate, at present, composed? 10 

9. What are the divisions of a city called ? 10 

10. Why, in 1 824, was the President of the United States elected by the House of Repre- 
sentatives ? 10 

READING. 
To be supplied by the Commissioner. 



P. M. 

COMPOSITION. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects : 

The description of a church edifice. Teachers^ associations. The educational influence of a good 
school-house. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference to three 
points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals and general 

appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits see Regulations. 



114 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

GRAMMAR. 

In sliort, tlie City of Rome was enriched with the spoils of the whole world, and had that air 
of pomp and magnificence which suited the capital of the greatest empire that the world ever 
saw. — Peter Parley. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 

In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the c:ise and the reason for it. 

By phrases is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only tiie prepo- 
sition and its simple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be a ivord, phrase or clause. 

Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

[The first six questions refer to the above selection.] 

1. Classify the clauses as principal and subordinate. 10 

2. What are the modifiers of the subject of the principal clause ? 10 

3. How is the predicate was enriched modified ? 10 

4. Give the modifiers of air and empire. 10 

5. Parse the first and, and the first that. 10 

6. Parse the second that. 10 

7. Define a relative i)ronoun. 10 

8. Write two abstract and two collective nouns. 10 

9. Write a sentence whose simple subject is a participle. 10 
10. Write a sentence having a clause used as subject. 10 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE . 

1. What is the office of epiglottis ? 10 

2. Describe the relative position of a pair of flexor and extension muscles as to the joint 

they serve to move. 10 

3. What change must starch undergo before it can be absorbed into the blood? 10 

4. Name an inorganic substance in food of which the bones are largely composed. 10 

5. In what way may the teeth be used to aid the stomach and lighten its work ? 10 

6. In what way does the oxygen of the air reach the blood ? 10 

7. Which way is the heart (above or below, to the right or left, in front or behind) from 

the right lung? From the diaphragm? From the sternum or breast bone? From 
the thoracic duct? From the stomach ? 10 

8. If the body came in contact with no external impurities would there be need of 

bathing ? Why ? 10 

9. Name four different organs of special sense ? 10 
10. If a person drink alcohol in sufficient quantities to cause it to act as a stimulant, will 

there be danger of injury to the heart and blood-vessels? Give the reason for your 
answer. 10 



FOR TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 115 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Mention something of interest as to Andrew Jackson; Henry Clay ; John C. Calhoun. 15 

2. Who was President of the United States for only one month ? 5 

3. Mention one specially important event of each year of the Civil War. 50 

4. Name three candidates for the Presidency in 1884, and state what party each repre- 

sented. 15 

5. State facts as to (a) Horatio Seymour, (6) Eoscoe Conkling, (c) Horace Greeley. 15 

CUKBENT TOPICS. 

Ten credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the can- 
didate : 

1. What is meant by the Kiver and Harbor Bill ? ■ 

2. Name a candidate recently nominated for a State office by one of the leading political 

parties of this State and specify the office. 

3. What is meant by Presidential Electors ? 

4. Between what nations was the proposed Fisheries Treaty of 1888 negotiated ? 

5. What prominent officer of the United States Army died in the summer of 1888 ? 
Who succeeds him ? 

6. What is the Phonograph ? 
Name the inventor. 

7. What is meant by a Wagner or Pullman car ? 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR SEPTEMBER ii, i888. 
Second and Third Grades. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. $753. 

2. $5.69. 

3. Dec. 13th. 

4. Multiplying the dividend by any number multiplies the quotient by the same number. 
Multiplying the divisor by any number divides the quotient by the same number. 
Dividing the dividend by any number divides the quotient by the same number. 
Dividing the divisor by any number multiplies the quotient by the same number. 
Multiplying or dividing both dividend and divisor by the same number does not change 

the quotient. 



116 UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 



5. 


H. 




6. 


oil tons. 




7. 


$28.01. 




8. 


223 sq. ft. 120 sq. in. 




9. 


$331.86. 




10. 


$81.77. 


GEOGRAPHY. 



1. (a) Black River, (J) St. Lawrence or Osvvegatcliie, (c) Chemving. 

2. (a) On Canadarago Luke in Otsego county, {b) near Saratoga Lake in Saratoga county. 

3. The Susquehanna. The Oneida. 

4. Answers will vary. 

5. In the Pacific Ocean. Honolulu. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. South America. Europe. 

8. Arabia. Hindostan. Farther India. 

9. Lines of equal temperature. In the United States, owing to the influence of the w'arm 

currents on the west and the cold current on the east, the climate in the same latitudes 
is milder in the western part than in the eastern. 

10. Day and night. It is one cause of our p-esent changes of seasons. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. It is wrongfully taking the personal property of another. 

2. By the Constitution of the U. S. 

3. Governor. 

4. Because, from tiie nature of his duties, it is desirable that he be, as far as possible, inde- 

pendent. 
5. 

6. Because the Speaker is a member of the House, while the Vice-President is only the pre- 

siding officer, ex officio, of the Senate. 

7. He tiuist be at least thirty-five years old. 

8. Seventy-six. 

9. They are called wards. 

10. Because neither of the candidates had a majority of the electoral votes. 



FOB TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 117 

COMPOSITION. 

No answers can be given. 

GRAMMAR. 

1. Principal clause, city was enriched. Subordinate clauses, which suited and that ivorld saw. 

2. The subject, city, is modified by the adjective the and the adjective phrase, of Rome. 

3. The predicate, was enriched, is modified by the adverbial clause, with spoils. 

4. Air is modified by the adjective, that, the adjective phrase, of pomp and magnificence, and 

the adjective clause, which suited; empire is modified by adjectives, the and greatest, and 
the adjective clause, that world saw. 

5. And is a conjunction and connects the predicates was enriched and had. That is a specify- 

ing adjective and modifies air. 

6. That is a pronoun, relative, agrees with its antecedent, empire, in the third person, singu- 

lar number, and neuter gender, is the object of saw and is in the objective case. 

7. A pronoun whicli connects clauses is called a relative pronoun. 

8. Examples of abstract nouns, truth, justice, honesty. Examples of collective nouns, school, 

army, assembly. 

9. Example, Jumping from a moving railroad train is dangerous. 
10. TTiat study is useful is evident. '^ I will go," was his ansiver. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. To prevent solid or liquid substances from entering the windpipe. 

2. The flexor is on the inside of the joint or the side toward which it bends ; the extensor is 

on the opposite or outside. 

3. It must be converted to sugar. 

4. Lime. 

5. They may chew the food until it is finely masticated. 

6. It enters the lungs and then finds its way through the tissue of the air-sacs, by osmose, to 

the capillaries of the lungs. 

7. To the left. Above. Behind. In front. Above. 

8. Yes. Because of the excretions that come from the pores of the skin. 

9. The eye, the ear, the nose, the tongue. 

10. There will be danger ; because of the excessive action of the heart. 



1 1 8 UNIFORM EXAMINA TION Q UESTIONS 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Answers will vary. 

2. William Henry Harrison. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. Any three of the following : 
Grover Cleveland, Democratic party. 
James G. Blaine, Republican party. 
J. P. St. John, Proiiibition party. 

B. F. Butler, People's party. 

Belva Lock wood, Female Suffrage party. 

5. Answers will vary. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1. An act of Congress making large appropriations for the improvement of rivers and harbors 

in various parts of the country. 

2. Governor — -Warner Miller. Lieut.-Governor — S. V. R. Cruger. Judge of Court of 

Appeals — Wm. Rumsey. 

3. Persons chosen in each State once in four years, to elect a president and vice-president of 

the United States. 

4. United States and Great Britain. 

5. Gen. Phillip H. Sheridan. 
Gen. Schofield. 

6. A machine that records and reproduces sounds. 
Edison. 

7. A drawing-room or sleeping car specially provided with comforts, and conveniences of 

travel, for which an extra charge is made. 



